how effective are governments in promoting civil war settlements

How did the United States government encourage white settlement in the west?

By war's end, federal actions to encourage white settlement in the West and more tightly bind the western territories to the Union were institutionalized and gathering momentum.

How did the US Government's perceptions of protection affect the west?

Mirroring Emanuel Leutze's mural study, the federal government's perceptions of protection had already helped redefine and accelerate the Western Movement and shape the region's future for decades to come. By the end of the war, the foundation for a distinctly different West had been laid.

What were the effects of the expansionist Civil War policies?

In the expansionist Civil War-era, Federal American Indian policies often resulted in violated treaties, violence, and the end of access to traditional lands, trade and migratory routes, water, food sources, and cultural practices.

How did the Civil War affect military outposts?

The civil war brought dramatic change to these outposts. Shortly before the bombardment of Fort Sumter, U.S. Army responsibility for national protection and security set in motion an unprecedented eastward movement of soldiers and equipment.

Who supported the government in civil war?

Army hospitals were set up across the Union. Most Northern states had Republican governors who energetically supported the war effort and suppressed anti-war subversion, particularly that that arose in 1863–64....Union (American Civil War)United States of AmericaPresident• 1861–1865Abraham Lincoln• 1865Andrew JohnsonSpeaker of the House36 more rows

What are some of the factors that activate commitment problems and civil war within states?

What are some of the factors that activate commitment problems and civil war within states? Commitment problems and civil war often activated by shifts in military distribution and power (more powerful state might demand concessions in the future/agreement not self-enforcing).

What distinguishes a civil war from other types of war?

The definition of civil war clearly encompasses many different forms of conflict. Some analysts distinguish between civil wars in which insurgents seek territorial secession or autonomy and conflicts in which insurgents aim for control of the central government.

What are the causes of armed conflict?

Causes of armed conflictgenetic and evolutionary/biologist theories (aggression as a genetic function, maximisation of survival chances) ;behaviourist theories (war as learned behaviour) ;cost-benefit theories (maximisation of benefit) ;ecological (war for scarce resources) ;More items...

Why do states fail to come to a peace settlement even though it will make all parties better off than if they continue fighting?

War is costly yet states fail to come to a peace settlement because of 1. Private information that incentivizes one side to secure greater acquisitions and 2. The commitment problem that makes each side distrust the outcome of a peace settlement especially in the future.

What are the three causes for the bargaining model to fail?

In particular, Fearon observed that war results (or sustains) due to three types of bargaining failure: uncertainty concerning the abilities and/or resolve of either or both one's own forces or those of the opposition, commitment problems, and the indivisibility of an objective.

Why was the Civil War so brutal?

One reason why the Civil War was so lethal was the introduction of improved weaponry. Cone-shaped bullets replaced musket balls, and beginning in 1862, smooth-bore muskets were replaced with rifles with grooved barrels, which imparted spin on a bullet and allowed a soldier to hit a target a quarter of a mile away.

What are the 3 main causes of the Civil War?

There were three main causes of the civil war including slavery, sectionalism and secession.

Which country is having a war?

Countries Currently At War 2022CountryTypeCasualty Range 2020-2021DR CongoTerrorist Insurgency1,000 - 10,000EthiopiaCivil War10,000+IraqTerrorist Insurgency/Political Unrest1,000 - 10,000LibyaCivil War1,000 - 10,00017 more rows

How many armed conflicts are going on in the world today?

27 ongoing conflictsAccording to the Council on Foreign Relations's Global Conflict Tracker, there are currently 27 ongoing conflicts worldwide.

How does war go against human rights?

These include actions that are recognised as violating the most basic human rights, such as violence endangering life, torture and physical or moral coercion, as well as non-compliance with many due process rights. The Convention forbids in the strongest terms the utilisation of human shields.

Is war necessary for peace?

It cannot exist without war, just as death is a meaningless concept without life. For some, however, “true” peace is a positive concept, signifying harmony in world affairs, or perhaps well managed social conflict.

What factor most affected the outcome of the US Civil War?

For nearly a century, the people and politicians of the Northern and Southern states had been clashing over the issues that finally led to war: economic interests, cultural values, the power of the federal government to control the states, and, most importantly, slavery in American society.

What caused economic problems for the Confederacy quizlet?

What caused economic problems for the Confederacy? The issuing of paper money. In his last speech, Lincoln said what regarding postwar policy? There should be at least limited black suffrage.

What were the greatest dangers faced by wounded and captured soldiers during the Civil War?

Living conditions were crowded, there was little food or medicine, disease was common and thousands died. The Confederate camp at Andersonville in Florida was particularly appalling.

What was the outcome and impact of the first major battle of the Civil War quizlet?

What was the outcome and impact of the first major battle of the Civil war? The confederate attacked Fort Sumter, when the union soldiers ran out of ammo they eventually had to surrender. Why did Lincoln and McClellan clash in early 1862?

Bottom Lines

Negotiated Settlement to Civil War May Cause More Harm than Good. Civil wars ending in negotiated settlements are (1) more likely to recur; (2) no more likely to lead to democracy than other types of settlements; and (3) do not deliver increased prospects for economic prosperity.

A Statistical Assessment of Civil War Termination

This study's data set of all civil wars fought from 1940–2007 (137 wars in total) shows that victories occurred more than four times as often as negotiated settlements and seven times as often as cease-fires/stalemates. The trend, however, was clearly toward a negotiated settlement.

The Way Ahead

At their ideal extremes, neither negotiated settlements (as typically designed and implemented) nor victories are apt to resolve civil wars in a way that (1) spares lives, property, and cultural treasures; (2) endures; (3) creates space for greater political liberty; and (4) establishes the conditions necessary for economic reconstruction, recovery, and development..

Downloads

For Academic Citation: Toft, Monica Duffy. “ Rethinking Rebellions: A New Approach to Ending Civil War .” Policy Brief, Quarterly Journal: International Security, April 2010.

What are some examples of rife aggression?

Examples of the resulting aggressions are rife. In addition to the Bear River Massacre inflicted by California Volunteers on Shoshones in Washington Territory in 1863, in 1864, Col. Chivington led Colorado and New Mexico Volunteers in "a foul and dastardly massacre" of Arapahos and Cheyennes, primarily women and children.

What was the impact of the American Indians on the West?

Although advanced under the mantle of protection, the nation's American Indian population in the West bore the cost of these military and political undertakings, which accelerated the dispossession of American Indians and threatened the security of their lands, property, culture, and core existence.

What was the Confederacy's plan for the Southwest?

Using Texas as a base, the Confederate plan focused on dislodging Union forces from the Southwest and continuing north to the resource-rich mines of Colorado, and possibly on to the California gold fields.

Why were the soldiers in the Army spirited east?

Originally meant to protect the interests of a minority of settlers and miners , these soldiers were ill-positioned for guaranteeing the well being of nearly 97% of the U.S. population that resided east of the Missouri River . These regular soldiers were spirited east as quickly as possible. With more than 10,000 soldiers serving in the western posts, this eastward movement triggered concerns over security for those left behind. President Abraham Lincoln soon authorized raising of volunteers within the states and territories "to aid in enforcing the laws and protecting public property," to replace many of the departing Regular Army soldiers and established additional forts to protect new interests. California, for example, quickly raised an infantry regiment and five cavalry companies "for the protection of the Overland Mail Route between California and the Eastern States, by way of Salt Lake City."

What were the consequences of the expansionist Civil War?

In the expansionist Civil War-era, Federal American Indian policies often resulted in violated treaties, violence, and the end of access to traditional lands, trade and migratory routes, water, food sources, and cultural practices.

What were the western volunteers filling in behind the Regular Army soldiers?

The western volunteers filling in behind the Regular Army soldiers were of a distinctly different mettle. As one officer noted, they were men "made of stern stuff. . . inured to mountain life. . . pioneers and miners; men self-reliant and enduring" but also prone to have "advocated the extermination of the Indians.".

What was the role of the Territorial Patronage?

Territorial patronage was a vital tool for Lincoln. The ability to appoint men of his choice to key territorial roles -such as governors, secretaries, federal district judgeships, land office commissioners, and territorial marshals - served not only to recognize those who had lent support to him but also to institutionalize support for the issues he valued. With seven western territories ripe for patronage appointments in 1861, Lincoln predominantly named Republican supporters - known pejoratively as "The Tribe of Abraham" -to the territories' thirty-five prime positions and dozens of others. These included gubernatorial nominees William Gilpin of Colorado Territory and William Jayne of Dakota Territory, who both supported federal financing of the transcontinental railroad.

Bottom Lines

A Statistical Assessment of Civil War Termination

The Way Ahead

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