From the cultural aspect the Odessa community was the most "Western" in character in the *Pale of Settlement
Pale of Settlement
The Pale of Settlement was a western region of Imperial Russia with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917, in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden. Most Jews were still excluded from re…
What is the culture of Odessa?
From the cultural aspect the Odessa community was the most "Western" in character in the *Pale of Settlement. Its population was gathered from all the regions of Russia and even from abroad (particularly from *Brody in Galicia and from Germany, during the 1820s–30s), and the throwing off of tradition became a quite familiar occurrence.
What is the history of Odessa Russia?
In the 19 th century it became the industrial and commercial center for southern Russia. In 1865 a university was founded. Odessa was an important center of the Russian revolutionary movement. Under the Soviet regime it lost some of its importance.
What happened to the Jewish culture in Odessa?
With the advent of the Soviet regime, Odessa ceased to be the Jewish cultural center in southern Russia. The symbol of the destruction of Hebrew culture was the departure from Odessa for Constantinople in June 1921 of a group of Hebrew authors led by Bialik.
What were the pogroms of Odessa?
Pogroms broke out in Odessa in 1821, 1859, 1871 and in 1881. This is unsurprising given the fact that Odessa was a center of industry and commerce in Southern Russia, with many migrant workers passing through looking for work. It was also home to a big university, and political groups.
What did Odessa used to be called?
In 1795, Khadjibey was officially renamed with the feminine name "Odessa" after a Greek colony of Odessos (Ancient Greek: Ὀδησσός, in Roman times, Odessus) that supposedly was located in the area. The first census that was conducted in Odesa was in 1797 which accounted for 3,455 people.
When did Odessa become a part of Ukraine?
Odessa itself was founded in 1794 as a Russian naval fortress on territory annexed from Turkey in 1792. By the early 19th century, the Russian settlement had become an important grain port....Technical Information of original imageAcq. Date:02 August 1985 and 07 August 20165 more rows
When was Odessa part of Poland?
Although a settlement existed on the site in ancient times, the history of the modern city began in the 14th century when the Tatar fortress of Khadzhibey was established there; it later passed to Lithuania-Poland and in 1480 to Turkey.
Who does Odessa belong to?
Its historical significance has perhaps helped shield the city centre from the worst of Russian attacks, unlike Mariupol, the largest port on the Sea of Azov, 500km to the east. As with much of eastern Ukraine, Odessa's population is largely Russian-speaking, though the war has bolstered its Ukrainian identity.
Who did Crimea originally belong to?
The Crimean interior came under the control of the Turco-Mongol Golden Horde from 1239 to 1441. The name Crimea (via Italian, from Turkic Qirim) originates as the name of the provincial capital of the Golden Horde, the city now known as Staryi Krym.
What does Odessa mean in Russian?
British Dictionary definitions for Odessa Odessa. / (əʊˈdɛsə, Russian aˈdjɛsə) / noun. a port in S Ukraine on the Black Sea: the chief Russian grain port in the 19th century; university (1865); industrial centre and important naval base.
Did Odessa ever belong to Romania?
During World War II, the entire modern Odessa region was occupied by the Kingdom of Romania (October 1941 – August 26, 1944), while Budjak was included directly into the state territory of Romania as part of the governorship of Bessarabia, and the territory East of the Dniester – to Transnistria.
Did Odessa start the Russian revolution?
In December 1917, the 2nd Congress of Rumcherod elected the Bolshevik Executive Committee and adopted a decision on transferring all power to the Soviets....Odessa Bolshevik uprising.Odessa January uprisingDate 27 – 30 January 1918 Location city of Odessa Result Establishment of Soviet powerBelligerentsUkrainian People's RepublicBolsheviks10 more rows
What does mean Oblast?
Definition of oblast : a political subdivision of Imperial Russia or a republic of the Soviet Union or of Russia.
Who settled Odessa Texas?
In 1886, when the population was only sixty, the Texas and Pacific transferred the acreage to John Hoge of Ohio, who then formed the Odessa Land and Townsite Company.
Who founded Odesa?
18th century 1794 - Odesa founded by decree of Catherine II of Russia.
Did Odessa ever belong to Romania?
During World War II, the entire modern Odessa region was occupied by the Kingdom of Romania (October 1941 – August 26, 1944), while Budjak was included directly into the state territory of Romania as part of the governorship of Bessarabia, and the territory East of the Dniester – to Transnistria.
Did Odessa start the Russian revolution?
In December 1917, the 2nd Congress of Rumcherod elected the Bolshevik Executive Committee and adopted a decision on transferring all power to the Soviets....Odessa Bolshevik uprising.Odessa January uprisingDate 27 – 30 January 1918 Location city of Odessa Result Establishment of Soviet powerBelligerentsUkrainian People's RepublicBolsheviks10 more rows
Is Odessa Ukraine in Crimea?
Answer and Explanation: Odessa is in Ukraine, as is Crimea, but not in the same location as Crimea. Odessa sits on the coast of the Black Sea and is a port city. The city was founded by the Russian Empress Catherine the Great in 1794.
What was the significance of Odessa?
In 1865 a university was founded. Odessa was an important center of the Russian revolutionary movement. Under the Soviet regime it lost some of its importance. In October 1941 Odessa was occupied by the German and Romanian armies and was under Romanian military rule until its liberation in April 1944.
What was the Jewish community in Odessa?
From the 1880s until the 1920s the Jewish community of Odessa was the second largest in the whole of Russia (after *Warsaw, the capital of Poland, then within czarist Russia) and it had considerable influence on the Jews of the country. The principal characteristics of this community, and responsible for its particular importance, ...
What was the Zionist movement in Odessa?
The social awakening of the masses gave rise to the popular character of the Zionist movement in Odessa. It succeeded in establishing an influential and ramified organization, attracting a stream of intellectual and energetic youth from the townlets of the Pale of Settlement to Odessa – the center of culture and site of numerous schools – and provided the Jewish national movement with powerful propagandists, especially from among the ranks of those devoted to Hebrew literature. The group of authors and activists which rallied around the Zionist movement and actively participated in the work of its institutions included M.L. Lilienblum and Ahad Ha-Am, M.M. *Ussishkin, who headed the Odessa Committee during its last decade of existence, and M. *Dizengoff, Zalman *Epstein and Y.T. Lewinsky, M. *Ben-Ammi and H. *Rawnitzky, Ḥ.N. Bialik and J. *Klausner, A. *Druyanow and A.M. Berakhyahu (Borochov), Ḥ. *Tchernowitz, S. Pen, M. *Gluecksohn and V. Jabotinsky. These had great influence on this youth, who were not only initiated into Jewish national activity, but were enriched in Jewish culture and broadened in general education. Important literary forums were established in Odessa ( Kavveret, 1890; Pardes, 1891–95; *Ha-Shilo'aḥ, 1897–1902; 1907–17; * Haolam, 1912–17); their editors (Aḥad Ha-Am, Y.H. Rawnitzky, Ḥ.N. Bialik, J. Klausner, A. Druyanow, and M. Gluecksohn) not only succeeded in raising them to a high literary standard but also won considerable influence among the public through the ideological integrity of their publications. The publishing houses established in Odessa (Rawnitzky, Moriah; Ḥ.N. Bialik and Y.H. Rawnitzky, S. *Ben-Zion and Y.T. Lewinsky, *Devir, founded by Bialik and his circle, from 1919) were also systematic in their standards and consistently loyal to their ideology. A Hebrew literary center and "Hebrew climate" was created in Odessa. It united the Hebrew writers by an internal bond more closely than in any other place; it attracted toward Hebrew literature authors who had become estranged from it or who had never approached it (Mendele Mokher Seforim, S. *Dubnow, Ben-David, M. Ben-Ammi, S.S. *Frug, V. Jabotinsky); it produced new authors who were to play an important and valuable role in literature ( S. *Tchernichowsky, J. Klausner, N. *Slouschz, etc.); it attracted talented young authors (S. Ben-Zion, Y. *Berkowitz, J. *Fichmann, Z. *Shneour, A.A. *Kabak, E. *Steinman, and many others) who sought the benefit of this congenial literary meeting place refecting the spirit of its distinguished founders (Aḥad Ha-Am and Ḥ.N. Bialik). The arguments between the leaders of the national movement (Aḥad Ha-Am and S. Dubnow, M.M. Ussishkin and V. Jabotinsky) and its opponents, grouped around the local branch of the Society for Promotion of Culture among the Jews of Russia who stood for "striking civic roots, linguistic-cultural assimilation, and general ideals" (M. Morgulis, J. *Bikerman, etc.), were published at length and grew in severity from year to year, their influence penetrating far beyond Odessa. With the advent of the Soviet regime, Odessa ceased to be the Jewish cultural center in southern Russia. The symbol of the destruction of Hebrew culture was the departure from Odessa for Constantinople in June 1921 of a group of Hebrew authors led by Bialik. The *Yevsektsiya chose *Kharkov and *Kiev as centers for its activities among the Jews of the Ukraine. Russian-oriented assimilation prevailed among the Jews of Odessa in the 1920s (though the city belonged to the Ukraine). Over 77% of the Jewish pupils attended Russian schools in 1926 and only 22% Yiddish schools. At the University, where up to 40% of the student role was Jewish, a faculty of Yiddish existed for several years which also engaged in research of the history of Jews in southern Russia. The renowned Jewish libraries of the city were amalgamated into a single library named after Mendele Mokher Seforim. In the later 1930s, as in the rest of Russia, Jewish cultural activity ceased in Odessa and was eventually completely eradicated. The rich Jewish life in Odessa found vivid expression in Russian-Jewish fiction, as, e.g., in the novels of *Yushkevich, in Jabotinsky's autobiographical stories and his novel Piatero ("They Were Five," 1936) and particularly in the colorful Odessa Tales by Isaac *Babel, which covered both the pre-revolutionary and the revolutionary period and described the Jewish proletariat and underworld of the city.
What were the social and political activities of the Jews of Odessa?
The prominent social and political activities of the Jews of Odessa had considerable influence on the rest of Russian Jewry. The community leaders and maskilim showed considerable initiative and made frequent representations to the authorities to obtain improvements in the condition of the Jews and their legal equality with the other inhabitants during the 1840s, 1850s, and 1870s, and called for the punishment of those who took part in the pogroms of 1871, 1881, and 1905 (see below). They were the first in Russia to adopt the system of publicly and courageously defending the Jews in the Russian-Jewish press which they had established ( * Razsvet (1860), of Joachim H. Tarnopol and O.A. *Rabinovich; Zion of E. Soloveichik and L. *Pinsker; Den (1869), of S. Orenstein with the permanent collaboration of I.G. *Orshanski and M. *Morgulis ), while the criticisms they published of internal Jewish matters were also sharp and violent in tone. The Hebrew and Yiddish Haskalah press ( * Ha-Meliẓ, 1860; * Kol Mevasser, 1863) which had been born in Odessa (under the editorship of A. *Zederbaum) also adopted this "radical" attitude to some extent. Jews of Odessa contributed largely to the local press, where they also discussed Jewish affairs. At the beginning of the 20 th century, a style of Jewish awareness became apparent in discussions of Russian-speaking and Russian-educated Jews ( V. *Jabotinsky and his circle) which was widely echoed within the Jewish public, particularly in southern Russia. The social and political awakening of the Jewish masses was also widespread in Odessa. Odessa Jews played an extensive and even prominent part in all trends of the Russian liberation movement. The Zionist movement also attracted masses of people.
What was the impact of the October Revolution of 1917 on Odessa?
The October Revolution of 1917 brought a decline in the commercial status of Odessa as well as the process of socialization.
What was the name of the settlement committee in Russia?
Odessa was also chosen as the seat of the settlement committee (the *Odessa Committee , called officially The Society for the Support of Agricultural Workers and Craftsmen in Syria and Palestine), the only legally authorized institution of the movement in Russia (1890–1917).
What were the educational institutions of Odessa?
Other institutions which also served as models included the synagogue of the "Brodyists," where a choir and modern singing were introduced during the 1840s, and in 1901, an organ; orphanages; agricultural training farms; summer camps for invalid children; and a large and well-equipped hospital.
What was the Pale of Settlement?
Cherta [ postoyannoy yevreyskoy] osedlosti ) was a territory within the borders of czarist Russia wherein the residence of Jews was legally authorized. Limits for the area in which Jewish settlement was permissible in Russia came into being when Russia was confronted with the necessity of adjusting to a Jewish element within its borders, from which Jews had been excluded since the end of the 15 th century. These limitations were consonant with the general conception of freedom of movement of persons which then applied. At the time, most of the inhabitants of Russia, not only the serfs but also townsmen and merchants, were deprived of freedom of movement and confined to their places of residence.
Who was the Russian legislator who extended the Pale of Settlement?
To sum up, it was the intention of the Russian legislators of the reigns of Catherine II and Alexander I to extend the Pale of Settlement beyond the regions acquired from Poland only to those areas where Jews could serve as a colonizing element. However, from the reign of Alexander II the restrictive aspects of the Pale ...
What law did not apply to the Vistula region?
However, they were disappointed when these alleviations came to a complete halt after 1881, as part of the general reaction in Russia at this period. The "Temporary ( *May ) Laws" of 1881 prohibited any new settlement by Jews outside towns and townlets in the Pale of Settlement (this law did not apply to the Vistula Region).
What language did the Jews speak in the Pale of Settlement?
The language spoken by the Jews in the Pale of Settlement was Yiddish (according to the census of 1897 by 99% of the Jews). Most Jewish children received a Jewish education in the ḥeder and the yeshivah. Jewish literature and newspapers in Yiddish , Hebrew, Russian, and Polish circulated in many thousands of copies.
What was the original motion to expel Jews from Russia?
The extreme Right retorted with a counter-motion "to expel the Jews from Russia"; the original motion was voted upon in February 1911 and transferred to the commission for personal freedom, where it fell into oblivion and was no longer mentioned in plenary session of the Duma.
What rights did the peasants have?
The peasants were granted the right of demanding the expulsion of the Jews who lived among them. These decrees were bound up with intensified administrative pressure, brutality by local authorities, and the systematic acceptance of bribery on the part of the lower administrative ranks.
Which provinces were excluded from the Pale?
In 1835 the provinces of Astrakhan and the northern Caucasus were excluded from the Pale. In 1843 Nicholas I ordered the expulsion of the Jews from a strip of 50 versts (about 33 mi.) in width extending along the border with Prussia and Austria.
When was Odessa founded?
In 1794, the city of Odessa was founded by a decree of the Russian empress Catherine the Great. From 1819 to 1858, Odessa was a free port —a porto-franco. During the Soviet period, it was the most important port of trade in the Soviet Union and a Soviet naval base.
Who lived in Odessa?
Its cosmopolitan nature was documented by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, who lived in internal exile in Odessa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters he wrote that Odessa was a city where "the air is filled with all Europe, French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read".
How many people were killed in the Odessa massacre?
Partisan fighting continued, however, in the city's catacombs . Soviet gun crew in action at Odessa in 1941. Following the Siege of Odessa, and the Axis occupation, approximately 25,000 Odessans were murdered in the outskirts of the city and over 35,000 deported; this came to be known as the Odessa massacre.
What is the name of the city in the Black Sea?
It is also the administrative center of the Odessa Raion and Odessa Oblast, as well a multiethnic cultural center. Odessa is sometimes called the "pearl of the Black Sea", the "South Capital" (under the Russian Empire and Soviet Union ), and "Southern Palmyra ".
How long did the Odessa defense last?
The defense of Odessa lasted 73 days from 5 August to 16 October 1941. The defense was organized on three lines with emplacements consisting of trenches, anti-tank ditches and pillboxes. The first line was 80 kilometres (50 miles) long and situated some 25 to 30 kilometres (16 to 19 miles) from the city.
Why was Odessa named after Catherine the Great?
The city was named in compliance with the Greek Plan of Ca therine the Great. It was named after the ancient Greek city of Odessos, which was mistakenly believed to have been located here. Odessa is located in between the ancient Greek cities of Tyras and Olbia, different from the ancient Odessos's location further west along the coast, which is at present day Varna, Bulgaria.
What is the architecture of Odessa?
Some buildings are built in a mixture of different styles, including Art Nouveau, Renaissance and Classicist. Odessa is a warm-water port.
What was the Pale of Settlement?
In 1791, Catherine the Great, Czarina of Russia, created the Pale of Settlement. This was an area in Western Russia where Jews were allowed to live permanently. In the 19th century, the Jewish population grew as more Jews moved to the Pale and built businesses and communities in towns like Odessa and Kishinev. Ancient prejudices against Jews were still held by Russians and other ethnic groups, but most Jews were able to live in peace with their neighbors. However, growing economic and political pressures made Jews in the Pale targets for violence. The motivations for violence evolved from primarily economic tensions in the early 19th century, to political anger in the late 19th century, and finally to anti-Semitism by the early 20th century.
What was the name of the city in the Pale of Settlement?
Odessa was a port city located in the Pale of Settlement, now in modern day Ukraine. Pogroms broke out in Odessa in 1821, 1859, 1871 and in 1881. This is unsurprising given the fact that Odessa was a center of industry and commerce in Southern Russia, with many migrant workers passing through looking for work. It was also home to a big university, and political groups. Finally, it had the second largest Jewish population in the Russian Empire.
What were the early pogroms?
Many scholars now believe that the early pogroms were essentially fistfights between the Jews and Greeks, who were in tight economic competition. Odessa's grain export industry had traditionally been dominated by Greeks, but Jews were increasingly getting into the industry. The 1821 and 1859 pogroms were primarily instigated by Greeks. The 1871 pogrom also included many unskilled laborers looking to vent frustration. They would throw rocks through Jewish business and homes, and beat up any Jews they came across.
Why did Russians join the pogroms?
However, by 1881, Russians were joining the pogroms for political reasons . After the assassination of Czar Alexander II, a swell of riots and pogroms was unleashed across Russia. Meanwhile, Jews had become prominent members of groups in favor of reform and liberalization. False rumors spread that Jews had assassinated the Czar, and that they should be punished.
What happened to the Czars in 1881?
Strikes and protests were on the rise. In 1881, Czar Alexander II was assassinated, and pro-Czarist political groups clashed with reformists. By the early 20th century, Russia was on the verge of political revolution.
Did the Russian government support the pogroms?
Hearst's newspaper was also responsible for circulating one of the biggest misconceptions that the Russian government had supported or even ordered the pogrom. However, there is no evidence that the Russian government supported this or any pogroms against Jews. It's true that some police joined in the violence, but police and armed forces put down many pogroms very forcefully.
Where was the first eminent domain store?
The store was first located at 11 Cooper Square on the Bowery. In the early 70s the city took over the building by eminent domain in order to build a low to middle income housing development. At that point the store was moved to the location that I remember, which was 166 Second Avenue.
What Happened to Scheshko?
Amy at Brotmanblog: A Family Journey asked how the surname Scheshko became Castle. I thought that I had explained that in a previous post, but I cannot find that I mentioned it.
Where is the family of Isidore Scheshko buried?
The couple is buried at the same cemetery as Celia and Isidore Scheshko, Montefiore Cemetery in Springfield Gardens , Queens County , New York. Actually, the aunt and uncle were buried there in the 1930s (1934 for Max, 1939 for Anna). Isidore died in 1953, and Celia not until 1982.
Is Celia the gardener's grandmother teeny?
I’ve also written many posts about the gardener’s grandmother, Celia. Yes, she’s teeny. I know you were thinking or saying that to yourself because everyone always does. At this point, in 1968, her husband Isidore has been gone for at least fifteen years.
Did Celia and Isidore lose their house?
I was sorry to see that Celia and Isidore lost the house they must have loved and been so proud of. The American Dream gone a little sour on them.
Beginnings of The Community
Growth of The Jewish Population
- There were 246 Jews (out of a total population of 2,349) in 1795, 6,950 (out of 41,700) in 1831, 51,378 (out of 193,513) in 1873, 138,935 (out of 403,815) in 1897. During the Soviet period the Jewish population continued to grow: in 1926, 153,243 (of a total population of 420,862), and 200,981 in 1939 (out of 604,217). It was then the second largest Jewish population in Ukraine, af…
Economic Status
- From the start, the Jews of Odessa engaged in retail trade and crafts. Their representation in these occupations remained important. In 1910, 56% of the small shops were still owned by Jews; they also constituted 63% of the town's craftsmen. Jewish economy in Odessa was distinguished by the role played by Jews in the export of grain via the harbor, in wholesale trade, banking and i…
Cultural Trends
- From the cultural aspect the Odessa community was the most "Western" in character in the *Pale of Settlement. Its population was gathered from all the regions of Russia and even from abroad (particularly from *Brody in Galicia and from Germany, during the 1820s–30s), and the throwing off of tradition became a quite familiar occurrence. This situati...
Educational and Communal Institutions
- The cultural character of the community was reflected in its educational institutions. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were still about 200 ḥadarim, attended by about 5,000 pupils, in Odessa; 97% of these pupils came from the masses of the poor, and the ḥadarim were generally not of high standing. At the same time, about 6,500 pupils (boys and girls) attended 4…
Social and Political Activities
- The prominent social and political activities of the Jews of Odessa had considerable influence on the rest of Russian Jewry. The community leaders and maskilim showed considerable initiative and made frequent representations to the authorities to obtain improvements in the condition of the Jews and their legal equality with the other inhabitants during the 1840s, 1850s, and 1870s, …
The Pogroms
- This social and political awakening of the masses arose in the atmosphere of strain and struggle surrounding the life of the community. Anti-Jewish outbreaks occurred on five occasions (1821, 1859, 1871, 1881, 1905) in Odessa, as well as many attempted attacks or unsuccessful efforts to provoke them. Intensive anti-Jewish agitation shadowed and accompanied the growth of the Je…
Zionist and Literary Center
- From the inception of the *Ḥibbat Zion movement, Odessa served as its chief center. From here issued the first calls of M.L. *Lilienblum ("The revival of Israel on the land of its ancestors") and L. Pinsker ("Auto-Emancipation") which gave rise to the movement, worked for its unity ("Zerubbavel," 1883), and headed the leadership which was established after the *Kattowitz Conference ("Mazk…
Overview
Odesa or Odessa (Russian: Оде́сса [ɐˈdʲesə]) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrative centre of the Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast, as well as a multiethnic cultural centre. Odesa is sometimes called the "Pearl by the Sea", t…
History
Odesa was the site of a large Greek settlement no later than the middle of the 6th century BC (a necropolis from the 5th–3rd centuries BC has long been known in this area). Some scholars believe it to have been a trade settlement established by the Greek city of Histria. Whether the Bay of Odesa is the ancient "Port of the Histrians" cannot yet be considered a settled question based on the available …
Name
In 1795 the city was named Odessa in accordance with the Greek Plan of Catherine the Great. Catherine's Secretary of State Adrian Gribovsky claimed in his memoirs that the name was his suggestion. Some expressed doubts about this claim, while others noted the reputation of Gribovsky as an honest and modest man. Odesa is located between the ancient Greek cities of Tyras and Olbia and it was named as a feminine form for the ancient Greek city of Odessos (Anci…
Geography
Odesa is situated (46°28′N 30°44′E / 46.467°N 30.733°E ) on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor on the Black Sea in the Gulf of Odesa, approximately 31 km (19 mi) north of the estuary of the Dniester river and some 443 km (275 mi) south of the Ukrainian capital Kyiv. The average elevation at which the city is located is around 50 metres (160 feet). The maximum is 65 metres (213 feet) …
Demographics
The peculiarity of the ethnic composition of the population of Odesa region is its multinationality. In the 2001 census, Ukrainians made up 62 percent of the Odesa region's inhabitants, Russian 29 percent, Bulgarians 6.1 percent, Moldovans 5 percent, Gagauz 1.1 percent, Jews 0.6 percent, Belarusians 0.5 percent, Armenians 0.3 percent, Gypsies 0.2 percent, Poles, Germans, Georgians, Azerb…
Government and administrative divisions
Whilst Odesa is the administrative centre of the Odesa Raion and Odesa Oblast, the city is also the main constituent of the Odesa Municipality.
The city of Odesa is governed by a mayor and city council which work cooperatively to ensure the smooth-running of the city and procure its municipal bylaws. The city's budget is also controlled by the administration.
Cityscape
Many of Odesa's buildings have, rather uniquely for a Ukrainian city, been influenced by the Mediterranean style of classical architecture. This is particularly noticeable in buildings built by architects such as the Italian Francesco Boffo, who in early 19th-century built a palace and colonnade for the Governor of Odesa, Prince Mikhail Vorontsov, the Potocki Palace and many oth…
Education
Odesa is home to several universities and other institutions of higher education. The city's best-known and most prestigious university is the Odesa 'I.I. Mechnykov' National University. This university is the oldest in the city and was first founded by an edict of Tsar Alexander II of Russia in 1865 as the Imperial Novorossian University. Since then the university has developed to become on…