Volgograd, founded in a restive, new region existed as a small military and trade settlement for nearly 300 years. Tsaritsyn initially had to defend itself constantly from Cossacks, Crimean Tatars, and even from its own troops mutinying in the new borderland. However, by 1691, the city was stable and prosperous enough to support a customs house.
Full Answer
What is the history of Volgograd?
The first institute was opened in 1930. A year later, the Stalingrad Industrial Pedagogical Institute, now Volgograd State Pedagogical University, was opened. Under Stalin, the city became a center of heavy industry and transshipment by rail and river.
What is the relative location of Volgograd?
/ 48.70861°N 44.51472°E / 48.70861; 44.51472 Volgograd ( Russian: Волгогра́д, romanized : Volgográd ), formerly Tsaritsyn ( Russian: Цари́цын, romanized : Tsarítsyn) (1589–1925), and Stalingrad ( Russian: Сталингра́д, romanized : Stalingrád) (1925–1961), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast, Russia.
Is Volgograd’s agriculture insensitive to the Russian Revolution?
Insensitivity of Russian agriculture as of 2006. Red is most intensive; light blue is least intensive. Volgograd lies at the southern end of Russia’s fertile, well-watered, and accessible agricultural region. Graph source: IIASA Shortly after the city had developed into a major commercial center, the Russian revolution occurred.
Why is Volgograd bad for the environment?
However, environmental problems also plague the city and its river. In addition to industrial pollutants, Volgograd’s urban sprawl, which snakes along an incredible 50 miles of the Volga, and low population density, contribute to long commutes and high emissions from road transport.
How long did Volgograd last?
Volgograd, founded in a restive, new region existed as a small military and trade settlement for nearly 300 years. Tsaritsyn initially had to defend itself constantly from Cossacks, Crimean Tatars, and even from its own troops mutinying in the new borderland.
What is Volgograd known for?
Long a small military garrison, then a rapidly growing center of commerce and transport, Volgograd is best known to Russians and foreigners alike as the site of the bloodiest battle of the Second World War. Today, Volgograd is an industrial city and transport hub with ...
What are the achievements of Volgograd?
One of the Volgograd region’s crowning achievements was the construction of the Volga Hydroelectric Station, the largest of its kind in Europe.
What are the factories in Volga?
Factories dot the banks of the Volga, including the Red October steel factory and the iconic Volgograd Tractor Factory, famous for once supplying equipment and tanks to the Red Army during WWII. Today, a third of the population works in the industrial sector.
What are the environmental problems of Volgograd?
However, environmental problems also plague the city and its river. In addition to industrial pollutants, Volgograd’s urban sprawl, which snakes along an incredible 50 miles of the Volga , and low population density, contribute to long commutes and high emissions from road transport.
When was the mayor of Volgograd removed?
Grebennikov was removed from office in 2011. He was the third Volgograd region mayor in just 18 months to be dismissed. Rallies were held in his support but Volgograd remains to this day with only an “acting head” rather than a mayor.
What is Volgograd's modern embankment?
Volgograd’s modern embankment is a popular hangout spot for locals. Photo by the author.
When did Volgograd become a city?
On 10 November 1961 , Nikita Khrushchev 's administration changed the name of the city to Volgograd. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the city became the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast.
How big is Volgograd?
The city lies on the western bank of the Volga, covering an area of 859.4 square kilometres (331.8 square miles), with a population of over 1 million residents. Volgograd is the fifteenth-largest city in Russia, the second-largest city on the Southern Federal District, and the fourth-largest city on the Volga.
What is the name of the city in Russia that is connected by the Volga Don Canal?
Volgograd is a major railway junction served by the Privolzhskaya Railway. Rail links from the Volgograd railway station include Moscow; Saratov; Astrakhan; the Donbas region of Ukraine; the Caucasus and Siberia. It stands at the east end of the Volga–Don Canal, opened in 1952 to link the two great rivers of Southern Russia. European route E40, the longest European route connecting Calais in France with Ridder in Kazakhstan, passes through Volgograd. The M6 highway between Moscow and the Caspian Sea also passes through the city. The Volgograd Bridge, under construction since 1995, was inaugurated in October 2009. The city river terminal is the center for local passenger shipping along the Volga River.
What is the administrative center of Volgograd?
Volgograd is the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Volgograd —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Volgograd is incorporated as Volgograd Urban Okrug.
How many people can be in Volgograd Arena?
The stadium has a seating capacity for 45,000 people, including a press box, a VIP box and seats for people with limited mobility.
What is the tallest statue in Europe?
Known locally as the " Hero City ", Volgograd today is the site of The Motherland Calls, an 85-meter high statue dedicated to the heroes of the battle, which is the tallest statue in Europe, as well as the tallest statue of a woman in the world.
Why was Stalingrad renamed?
On April 10, 1925, the city was renamed Stalingrad in honor of Joseph Stalin. During World War II, the Axis forces attacked the city, leading to the Battle of Stalingrad, one of the largest and bloodiest battles in the history of warfare.
When was Volgograd founded?
The modern day city of Volgograd is said to have been founded in 1589 as a fortress named Tsaritsyn on the River Volga in territory which had been annexed to Russia with the defeat of the Astrakhan Khanate. The name derives from the River Tsaritsa which has Turkic origins and is not related to the Russian word ‘tsar’.
When was Volgograd rebuilt?
The city's industry was also rebuilt and enhanced with the construction of the Volga-Don Canal in 1952 and the Volzhskaya Hydro-Electric Dam in 1961. In 1961, as part of the programme of de-Stalinisation, it was decided to rename the city Volgograd.
Why was Volga Cossack Host dissolved?
For supporting Pugachev the Volga Cossack Host was dissolved in 1777 on the orders of Empress Catherine the Great. In 1780 Tsaritsyn became the centre of the Tsaritsyn District of the Saratov Viceroyalty.
What was the name of the fortified line in Tsaritsyn?
During the 18th century Tsaritsyn continued to suffer at the hands of nomads, the worse of which occurred in 1717 in what has become known as the Kuban Pogrom. As a result of the raids, Peter the Great ordered the construction of the Tsaritsyn Fortified Line consisting of earthen mounds running from Tsaritsyn to the River Don. The defences were built between 1718 and 1725, but it was during the reign of Empress Anna that they were put to most use as Russians settled into the territories protected by them. As such the defensive line was often called Anna Ioanovna's Mound. Empress Anna was also responsible for establishing the Volga Cossack Host in 1734 which was based just north of Tsaritsyn.
What happened at the end of the 18th century?
At the end of the 18th century, after the Volga Cossack Host was dissolved and the Tsaritsyn Fortified Line had become obsolete, the defensive role of Tsaritsyn decreased and the city's industrial importance grew. This trend continued throughout the 19th century which was aided in the 1860s and 1870s with the arrival of railway lines in Tsaritsyn, improving the transport links and bringing new industries to Tsaritsyn.
What was the border town of Tsaritsyn?
Border Town. Tsaritsyn quickly grew into an important border town with a garrison of troops and customs officials. Being located on the border of Russia the city was often subjected to enemy raids from Crimean Tatars, the nomadic Kalmyks and Kazakhs and even the Cossacks before they were bought under Russian control.
Why was Stalingrad renamed?
In 1925 it was decided to rename the city Stalingrad in recognition of the role Joseph Stalin played in the defence of the city during the Civil War.
Who was the Russian legislator who extended the Pale of Settlement?
To sum up, it was the intention of the Russian legislators of the reigns of Catherine II and Alexander I to extend the Pale of Settlement beyond the regions acquired from Poland only to those areas where Jews could serve as a colonizing element. However, from the reign of Alexander II the restrictive aspects of the Pale ...
What was the Pale of Settlement?
Cherta [ postoyannoy yevreyskoy] osedlosti ) was a territory within the borders of czarist Russia wherein the residence of Jews was legally authorized. Limits for the area in which Jewish settlement was permissible in Russia came into being when Russia was confronted with the necessity of adjusting to a Jewish element within its borders, from which Jews had been excluded since the end of the 15 th century. These limitations were consonant with the general conception of freedom of movement of persons which then applied. At the time, most of the inhabitants of Russia, not only the serfs but also townsmen and merchants, were deprived of freedom of movement and confined to their places of residence.
What law did not apply to the Vistula region?
However, they were disappointed when these alleviations came to a complete halt after 1881, as part of the general reaction in Russia at this period. The "Temporary ( *May ) Laws" of 1881 prohibited any new settlement by Jews outside towns and townlets in the Pale of Settlement (this law did not apply to the Vistula Region).
What language did the Jews speak in the Pale of Settlement?
The language spoken by the Jews in the Pale of Settlement was Yiddish (according to the census of 1897 by 99% of the Jews). Most Jewish children received a Jewish education in the ḥeder and the yeshivah. Jewish literature and newspapers in Yiddish , Hebrew, Russian, and Polish circulated in many thousands of copies.
What was the original motion to expel Jews from Russia?
The extreme Right retorted with a counter-motion "to expel the Jews from Russia"; the original motion was voted upon in February 1911 and transferred to the commission for personal freedom, where it fell into oblivion and was no longer mentioned in plenary session of the Duma.
How many Jews were there in Russia in 1897?
According to the census of 1897, 4,899,300 Jews lived there, forming 94% of the total Jewish population of Russia and c. 11.6% of the general population of this area. The largest of the other nations living within the area of the Pale were the Ukrainian, Polish, Belorussian, Russian, Lithuanian, Moldavian (mostly in Bessarabia), and German.
Which provinces were excluded from the Pale?
In 1835 the provinces of Astrakhan and the northern Caucasus were excluded from the Pale. In 1843 Nicholas I ordered the expulsion of the Jews from a strip of 50 versts (about 33 mi.) in width extending along the border with Prussia and Austria.
When was the Volozhin Yeshiva reopened?
It was closed by the Czarist government in 1879 and was reopened in 1881. While the Volozhin Yeshiva was able to yield to some of the demands of the Czarist government, the demand that all faculty members have diplomas from recognized Russian educational institutions in order to teach “Russian language and culture” was not acceptable. And so, the yeshiva was closed in 1892 by Russian inspectors and its students exiled.
Why did Rabbi Salanter confront the entire community in the synagogue?
He confronted the entire community in the synagogue regarding the matter in order to win justice for the widow.
What movement was the primary focus of the Pale?
The impetus came from a very important movement within Judaism called the Mussar Movement (“Morality Movement”).
Why did Lilienthal leave the Czar?
Within a decade, Lilienthal’s schools closed for lack of faculty and students, though Lilienthal’s defenders claim that he left because he realized that the Czar’s “benign intent” was to convert Jews to Christianity. He migrated to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he headed up a Reform congregation.
What was the western side of Poland?
The western side of what had formally been Poland was absorbed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire. This western half of Poland (which contained important Jewish communities such as those located in Galicia) contained a smaller, but not insignificant, number of Jews. The physical and economic situation of these Jews of the eastern Austro-Hungarian Empire was generally much better than their fellow Jews living in western end of Czarist Russia.
Where did Jews live in Eastern Europe?
The Pale consisted of 25 provinces that included Ukraine, Lithuania, Belorussia, Crimea, and part of Poland (which had been partitioned between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772).
Did caring for each other escape the notice of non-Jews?
This caring for each other did not escape the notice of non-Jews.
Which city was excluded from the Pale?
Under Alexander III. the city of Taganrog, the district of Rostov, and the city of Yalta (1893) were excluded from the Pale, which was still further narrowed during his reign by the so-called "Temporary Regulations" (1882), which have now remained in force for more than twenty years.
When was the pale established?
Beginnings of the Pale. The Pale was first established in 1791, when the White-Russian Jews, who had passed under Russian rule (1772) at the first partition of Poland, were forbidden to join merchant or artisan gilds in governments other than those of White Russia. As a favor to the Jews, Catherine II.
Why did the Pale government exist?
The fundamental official motive for this limitation is ostensibly the protection of the less enlightened Russian people against the economic enslavement that might be imposed upon them by the Jews. But the exceptions made by the government were directly calculated to develop the economic activity of the Jewish population; hence it may be assumed that by the establishment of the Pale it was really intended to remove the religious influence of the Jews over the Russians. Accordingly, the Pale included, besides the Polish governments, the South-Russian governments, where the Greek-Orthodox element did not form a considerable portion of the mixed population. With the successive partitions of Poland the Pale was enlarged by the addition of governments wherein Jews lived in great numbers. In 1794 it included those of Minsk, Izyaslav, Bratzlav, Polotzk, Moghilef, Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod-Syeversk, and Yekaterinoslav, and the territory of Taurida. To these were soon added the Lithuanian governments of Wilna and Grodno; and in 1799 the Pale was further augmented by the addition of Courland. In 1804 Jews were given access to the governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia; but at the end of the reign of Alexander I. and in the reign of Nicholas I. the extent of the Pale was diminished. Thus in 1835 the governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia were no longer included. At the same time the Jews were forbidden to reside in certain places within the Pale itself, e.g., in the military ports of Sebastopol and Nikolaief (Nikolayev), and in Kiev; in the villages of the governments of Moghilef (Mohilev) and Vitebsk; and on crown lands and in the Cossack villages of the governments of Chernigov and Poltava. Aside from this, the Jews were forbidden to settle anew in the fifty-verst boundary zone. About this time also Jews were expelled from the villages and hamlets of certain governments.
What law allowed Jews to live in Moscow?
the law of 1891 prohibited such Jews from living in the city or government of Moscow. Accordingly, all the artisans residing there were expelled. Temporary sojourn in any part of Russia is, with certain exceptions, allowed to merchants of the first gild who have the right to live only in the city in whose gild they are registered; and merchants of the first gild have the right to visit twice a year places otherwise closed to them, and to remain there for a period not exceeding six months in all. Merchants of the second gild may visit places outside the Pale only once a year and for a period not exceeding two months. Merchants may send their clerks in their stead. Merchants of the first gild may also attend certain fairs. In general, Jews may leave the Pale for a period of six weeks, with an extension to eight weeks, in connection with legal matters, or in order to take possession of property inherited by them, or for commercial purposes, or to submit bids on contracts for work to be done within the Pale. Graduates of middle-class schools may reside without the Pale for the purpose of completing their education in the higher schools. Young men under eighteen also may visit places outside the Pale in order to learn a trade, and may remain there until the expiration of their apprenticeship.
How long can Jews stay in the pale?
In general, Jews may leave the Pale for a period of six weeks, with an extension to eight weeks, in connection with legal matters, or in order to take possession of property inherited by them, or for commercial purposes, or to submit bids on contracts for work to be done within the Pale.
What countries were part of Poland in 1794?
In 1794 it included those of Minsk, Izyaslav, Bratzlav, Polotzk, Moghilef, Kiev, Chernigov, Novgorod-Syeversk, and Yekaterinoslav, and the territory of Taurida.
When did Jews get access to the governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia?
In 1804 Jews were given access to the governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia; but at the end of the reign of Alexander I. and in the reign of Nicholas I. the extent of the Pale was diminished. Thus in 1835 the governments of Astrakhan and Caucasia were no longer included.
Overview
Volgograd , formerly Tsaritsyn (Цари́цын, Tsarítsyn; [tsɐˈrʲitsɨn]) (1589–1925), and Stalingrad (Сталингра́д, Stalingrád; [stəlʲɪnˈɡrat] (listen)) (1925–1961), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The city lies on the western bank of the Volga, covering an area of 859.4 square kilometres (331.8 square miles), with a population of slightly over 1 million res…
Etymology
Tsaritsyn has been linked to Turkic Sāriğšin or *Sāriğsın meaning "Yellow tomb" or Sāriğšın "City of the Yellow (Golden) Throne".
History
Although the city may have originated in 1555, documented evidence of Tsaritsyn at the confluence of the Tsaritsa [ru] and Volga rivers dates from 1589. Grigori Zasekin established the fortress Sary Su (the local Tatar-language name means "yellow water" or "yellow river") as part of the defenses of the unstable southern border of the Tsardom of Russia. The structure stood slightly above t…
Politics
In 2011, the City Duma canceled direct election of the mayor and confirmed the position of City Manager. This was short-lived, as in March 2012, Volgograd residents voted for relevant amendments to the city charter to reinstate the direct mayoral elections.
Administrative and municipal status
Volgograd is the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Volgograd—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Volgograd is incorporated as Volgograd Urban Okrug.
Economy
Although the city was on an important trade route for moving timber, grain, cotton, cast iron, fish, salt and linseed oil, the economic reach of the Volga was relatively small. When the first rail lines were linked up to Moscow in 1871, this isolated area was suddenly and efficiently connected to the rest of the empire. Thanks to that connection, the province became a major producer, processor and exporter of grain, supplying most of Russia. By the 1890s, the economy of Volgog…
Transportation
Volgograd is a major railway junction served by the Privolzhskaya Railway. Rail links from the Volgograd railway station include Moscow; Saratov; Astrakhan; the Donbas region of Ukraine; the Caucasus and Siberia. It stands at the east end of the Volga–Don Canal, opened in 1952 to link the two great rivers of Southern Russia. European route E40, the longest European route connecting Calais in Fr…
Culture
A memorial complex commemorating the battle of Stalingrad, dominated by an immense allegorical sculpture The Motherland Calls, was erected on the Mamayev Kurgan (Russian: Мамаев Курган), the hill that saw some of the most intense fighting during the battle. This complex includes the Hall of Military Glory, a circular building housing an eternal flame and bearing plaques with th…