Austronesian settlements in the South Pacific were characterized by: pottery, stone tools, and domesticated pigs. In the Mediterranean islands around 1500 BCE, all of the following are true except:
When did the Austronesians settle in the Pacific Ocean?
Around 1500 BCE, another group moved East to settle on the small islands of the Pacific. 500 years later, Austronesians became the first people to settle in the remote islands of Palau and Yap in Oceania and continued South to the areas surrounding the Solomon Islands.
Who are the Austronesian peoples?
The Austronesian peoples, sometimes referred to as Austronesian-speaking peoples, are a large group of peoples in Madagascar, Maritime Southeast Asia, Micronesia, coastal New Guinea, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Taiwan that speak Austronesian languages.
What was the Austronesian expansion?
Known as the Austronesian Expansion, this event spread the language, culture, and technology of the Austronesian-speaking peoples to new parts of the world and changed the demographics and environments of these areas permanently in ways that can still be witnessed today.
Where are the Austronesian islands located?
They include areas like the Pacific coast of the Americas, Japan, the Yaeyama Islands, the Australian coast, Sri Lanka and coastal South Asia, the Persian Gulf, some of the Indian Ocean islands, East Africa, South Africa, and West Africa. Map showing the distribution of the Austronesian language family (light rose pink).
What region did the Austronesian migration affect?
What did the Austronesian people spread?
Where did the Austronesian expansion begin?
Who defended the Austronesian expansion?
Where did the second wave of migration occur?
How did Shang chariot use differ from that of the rest of Afro Eurasia quizlet?
How did Shang chariot use differ from that of the rest of Afro-Eurasia? The Shang used chariots primarily as symbols of wealth instead of for warfare. Hammurapi shared with the Egyptians the image of the ruler as shepherd and patriarch of his people responsible for their well being.
Which battle determined the border between Egyptian and Hittite expansion into the fertile crescent?
What is the significance of the battle of Qadesh between Egypt and the Hittites? It determined where the demarcation would be between Egyptian and Hittite expansion into the Fertile Crescent.
Which of the following is an example of the shift away from the city state's domination of economic activity in Mesopotamia quizlet?
Which of the following is an example of the shift away from the city-state's domination of economic activity in Mesopotamia? New rulers allowed farmers to purchase land from the state in order to obtain economic independence.
Which of the following accurately describes an environmental cause and effect for riverine societies?
Which of the following accurately describes an environmental cause and effect for riverine societies around 2200 BCE? Prolonged drought led to famine, which caused the downfall of ruling elites.
Who were the Hittites and what were they known for?
The Hittites were an ancient Anatolian (modern-day Turkey) people who formed an empire between 1600-1180 BCE. The Hittites manufactured advanced iron goods, ruled over their kingdom through government officials with independent authority over various branches of government, and worshipped storm gods.
Where did the Hittites originally come from?
Probably originating from the area beyond the Black Sea, the Hittites first occupied central Anatolia, making their capital at Hattusa (modern Boğazköy). Early kings of the Hittite Old Kingdom, such as Hattusilis I (reigned c. 1650–c.
What characterized Austronesian settlements in the South Pacific quizlet?
Austronesian settlements in the South Pacific were characterized by: pottery, stone tools, and domesticated pigs.
Which of the following is an example of the shift away from City States domination of economic activity in Mesopotamia?
an example of the shift away from the city-state's domination of economic activity in Mesopotamia. new rulers allowed farmers to purchase land from the state in order to obtain economic independence. for what reason did new Mesopotamia rulers encourage traditional stories such as Gilgamesh about rulers of ancient Uruk?
What led to the rise of the first major city states in Southwest Asia?
What led to the rise of the first major city-states in Southwest Asia? The local availability of large domesticable animals as a variety of cereal grains.
Why did early agricultural settlements arise in the Indus Valley before the Ganges Valley?
Why did early agricultural settlements arise in the indus valley before the ganges valley? c. The indus valley suffered less from the yearly monsoons than did the ganges valley.
Which environmental issue faced the early civilizations of Mesopotamia Egypt and China?
The earliest civilizations formed on fertile river plains. These lands faced challenges, such as seasonal flooding and a limited growing area.
What was one effect of agricultural surpluses on early riverine urban societies?
What was one effect of agricultural surpluses on early riverine urban societies? People could specialize in making goods for the consumption of others.
What was the main reason for the Egyptian empire's decline?
The once-great empire was slowly brought to its knees by a centuries-long drought, economic crises and opportunistic foreign invaders. The once-great empire was slowly brought to its knees by a centuries-long drought, economic crises and opportunistic foreign invaders.
Why was the Narmer Palette made?
Narmer was the first king of the First Dynasty of Egypt and the Narmer Palette was most likely created to celebrate his military victories over Lower Egypt. Narmer, then, was the first king of the First Dynasty of Egypt and the Narmer Palette was most likely created to celebrate his military victories over Lower Egypt.
What was the relationship between Egypt and Nubia during the period of the New Kingdom?
Since Nubia depended on Egypt's grain and Egypt depended on Kush's gold, Nubia and Egypt had interdependence, or dependency by each group on the other. This trade began a close relationship between Egypt and Nubia.
What ancient leader was the first king to launch wars of aggression in the name of his primary god?
___ was the first king to launch wars of aggression in the name of his primary god. Sargon of Akkad (c.
Austronesian Origins and Expansion: The Philippine Archaeological Data
122 Asian Perspectives, xxvi(l), 1984-1985 and less likely to have been on as large a scale. I think the early horticulture-early trade hypothesis provides a better explanation for the archaeological record, and also provides a
Austronesian Migration - 4259 Words | Studymode
Rural-Urban Migration in Bangladesh: A Micro-Level Study* M. Z. Hossain Associate Professor, Department of Statistics, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh Introduction A study of migration is of key importance in social science, particularly in population studies.
What region did the Austronesian migration affect?
The mass migration of Austronesian-speaking peoples thousands of years ago still has an impact on modern countries of the Indo-Pacific region and beyond.
What did the Austronesian people spread?
The migrants spread art and technology – particularly sailing technology – as well as domesticated crops and animals that became island staples in the areas they were introduced to. The Austronesians were also the first to settle in and populate remote islands that are dominated by Austronesian-speaking peoples today. Some historians suggest that the impact of this migration is even greater than we have evidence for, as linguistic and archaeological evidence of settlement in Europe, Africa, and the Americas may have been erased over time.
Where did the Austronesian expansion begin?
The dominant theory of the Austronesian Expansion begins in Taiwan , aptly named the ‘Out-of-Taiwan’ theory. According to this model, attributed to archaeologist Peter Bellwood and linguist Robert Blust around 1980, Taiwanese indigenous peoples first sailed from Taiwan to the Northern islands of the Philippines around 3000 BCE, just 1000 years after they migrated from mainland China to Taiwan. To facilitate this large-scale migration, the Austronesians developed new sailing technologies and methods of navigation that are still used today. This allowed them to travel long distances across the Indo-Pacific and beyond, settling on islands and mainlands across all hemispheres.
Who defended the Austronesian expansion?
Most of the evidence supporting the Austronesian Expansion is linguistic. In the late 1970s, linguist Robert Blust of University of Hawaii defended the theory by breaking down the Proto-Austronesian language groups into subdivisions and linking these divisions back to Taiwan. Each Proto-Austronesian language subgroup was created at different stages of the migration, as new groups moved to new islands and settled there. Blust also linked certain words in the various Austronesian languages back to the environmental conditions in Taiwan, disproving the previous assumption that Austronesian languages originated from Vietnam or Cambodia.
Where did the second wave of migration occur?
Over 1000 years after this first mass migration across the Pacific, a second wave of migration occured. Migrants travelled across the oceans once again to reach Tahiti, Hawaii, and New Zealand. Some argue the second wave of migration went beyond these islands, reaching South America and possibly Africa, Europe, and North America.
Which countries did the Austronesian settlers reach?
In consequence many of these populations share some common genetic element due to the Austronesian expansion. They also reached Australia, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), Japan, Madagascar, New Zealand and Hawaii at their furthest extent, possibly also reaching the Americas .
Where are the Austronesian people from?
Austronesian peoples. The Austronesian peoples, also sometimes referred to as the Austronesian-speaking peoples, are a large group of various peoples in Taiwan (collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples ), Maritime Southeast Asia, Oceania and Madagascar that speak the Austronesian languages. The nations and territories predominantly ...
What languages do Austronesian people speak?
Austronesian languages. Religion. Various religions. The Austronesian peoples, also sometimes referred to as the Austronesian-speaking peoples, are a large group of various peoples in Taiwan (collectively known as Taiwanese indigenous peoples ), Maritime Southeast Asia, Oceania and Madagascar that speak the Austronesian languages.
What is the meaning of the word "Austronesian"?
Distribution of the Austronesian languages ( Blust, 1999) The term "Austronesian", or more accurately "Austronesian-speaking peoples", came to refer the people who speak the languages of the Austronesian language family.
What are the common cultural characteristics of the Austronesian people?
Aside from language, Austronesian peoples also share—to a varying degree—common cultural characteristics including widespread traditions and technologies like tattooing, stilt houses, jade carving, wetland agriculture, and various rock art motifs.
Which language family was the first to colonize the Indo-Pacific region?
Prior to the 16th century Colonial Era, the Austronesian language family was the most widespread language family in the world, spanning half the planet from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean to Madagascar in the western Indian Ocean.
How many people speak Austronesian?
It is spoken today by about 386 million people (4.9% of the global population), making it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages with the highest number of speakers are Malay ( Indonesian and Malaysian ), Javanese, and Filipino ( Tagalog ).
When did the Polynesians settle in the Pacific?
The ancestors of the Polynesians, the Lapita people, set out from Taiwan and settled Remote Oceania between 1100-900 BCE, although there is evidence of Lapita settlements in the Bismarck Archipelago as early as 2000 BCE.
Who were the first settlers of the Pacific?
These first settlers of the Pacific are the ancestors of Melanesians and Australian Aboriginal s. The small distances between the islands in Near Oceania meant that people could island-hop using rudimentary ocean-going craft. Remove Ads. Advertisement. Dispersal of Austronesian People Across the Pacific.
What was the most likely scenario for the Lapita people?
Archaeologist Patrick Kirch points out that deliberate migration is the most likely scenario (Kirch, 137). The Lapita people may have been able to exist for months on remote Pacific islands living on wild birds and seafood, but the success of any long-term settlement would have necessitated transporting crop plants, such as taro and yam, as well as domestic animals. The sweet potato entered the Polynesian horticultural system c. 1000 CE and is strong evidence for Polynesian contact with South America – the reverse proposition to that of Thor Heyerdahl.
Where did the waka sail from?
In 2018 CE, a young crew sailed a double-hulled voyaging waka from Aotearoa to Norfolk Island, off the east coast of Australia. Although they met with high ocean swells and unfavourable winds, the voyage was intended to teach young people the art of navigating by the stars and reconnecting with ancestral traditions. Polynesian navigation will have a modern renaissance through education and reconnection.
How did the Polynesians learn to navigate?
The Polynesians knew the language of the stars. They had a highly developed navigation system that involved not only observation of the stars as they rose and crossed the night sky, but the memorisation of entire sky charts. Throughout the Pacific, island navigators taught young men the skills acquired over generations. Navigational knowledge was a closely guarded secret within a navigator family, and education started at an early age. In Kiribati, for example, lessons were taught in the maneaba (meeting house) where rafters and beams were sectioned off to correspond to a segment of the night sky. The position of each star at sunrise and sunset and the star paths between islands were etched into memory. Stones and shells were placed on mats or in the sand to teach star-lore. Karakia (prayer) and oral stories contained references to navigation instructions. Te Ika-roa, for example, meant the Milky Way; Atua-tahi is Canopus; Tawera is Venus the morning star; Meremere is Venus the evening star. The following are navigational instructions from Kupe:
What is the Lapita culture?
Collectively, these people are called the Lapita and were the ancestors of the Polynesians, including Maori, although archaeologists use the term Lapita Cultural Complex because the Lapita were not a homogenous group. They were, however, skilled seafarers who introduced outriggers and double canoes, which made longer voyages across the Pacific possible, and their distinctive pottery – Lapita ware – appeared in the Bismarck Archipelago as early as 2000 BCE. Lapita pottery included bowls and dishes with complex geometric patterns impressed into clay by small toothed stamps.
Why was the wayfinding skills of the Polynesian people important to the question of purposeful human settlement of?
Crucial to the question of purposeful human settlement of the Pacific is the wayfinding skills of the Polynesian people because their navigational techniques allowed them to cross a vast ocean using little more than memory.
When did the Austronesian people arrive in Indonesia?
In the history of Indonesia, Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to South East Asia from Taiwan. They arrived in Indonesia around 2000 BC , and confined the native Melanesian peoples to the far eastern regions as they expanded.
Which Pacific island nation gained independence in 1962?
In 1962, Western Samoa became the first Pacific Island nation to gain political independence.
What is the history of Guam?
Guam 's history of colonialism is the longest among the Pacific islands and Chamorros are considered one of the oldest mixed race in the Pacific. In 1668 the Spanish formally incorporated the islands to the Spanish East Indies and founded a colony on Guam as a resting place for the west-bound Manila galleons.
What are the phases of Guam?
The history of Guam involves phases including the early arrival of people known today as the ancient Chamorros, the development of "pre-contact" society, Spanish colonization, and the present American rule of the island. Archaeologists using carbon-dating have broken Pre-Contact Guam (i.e. Chamorro) history into three periods: "Pre-Latte" (BC 2000? to AD 1) "Transitional Pre-Latte" (AD 1 to AD 1000), and "Latte" (AD 1000 to AD 1521). Archaeological evidence also suggests that Chamorro society was on the verge of another transition phase by 1521, when Ferdinand Magellan 's expedition arrived, as latte stones became bigger. The original inhabitants of Guam are believed to be descendants of Indigenous Taiwanese People originating from the high mountains of Taiwan as early as 4,000 BC, having linguistic and cultural similarities to Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Guam 's history of colonialism is the longest among the Pacific islands and Chamorros are considered one of the oldest mixed race in the Pacific. In 1668 the Spanish formally incorporated the islands to the Spanish East Indies and founded a colony on Guam as a resting place for the west-bound Manila galleons. The territory was ceded by Spain more than two centuries later, when in 1898 the United States took over the islands following the Spanish–American War. The chamorro culture has evolved much since European contact and has been much influenced by Spanish and American colonization. Although the original culture no longer exists, it is now being revived with contemporary alternatives and similarities in styles with all the other pacific islands. Not one unique, but all combined to form a uniqueness in style, to today's modern interpretation of what their culture might have been. It should also be mentioned that the Chamorros on Guam view their culture & language differently than the Chamorros on the Northern Mariana Islands.
How long has Niue Island been around?
The history of the Niue Island can be traced back to a 1,000 years when the Polynesian settles came here. Traces of Pukapulan dialect are still there in the native language which is based on the Samoan and Tongan language. The Polynesian settlers were raters isolated as there was very little inter island trade and the existence of the limestone island was in itself very difficult due to lack of rivers and cultivable soil.
How long have the islands of Kiribati been inhabited?
In the history of Kiribati, the islands which now form the Republic of Kiribati have been inhabited for at least seven hundred years , and possibly much longer. The initial Micronesian population, which remains the overwhelming majority today, was visited by Polynesian and Melanesian invaders before the first European sailors "discovered" the islands in the 16th century. For much of the subsequent period, the main island chain, the Gilbert Islands, was ruled as part of the British Empire. The country gained its independence in 1979 and has since been known as Kiribati.
How did the Fijian people come to be?
The history of Fiji dates back to ancient times. There are many theories as to how the Fijian race came into existence. Around 1500 BC Fiji was settled by Austronesian seafarers. Around 900–600 BC Moturiki Island was settled. By 500 BC, Melanesian seafarers had reached Fiji and intermarried with the Austronesian inhabitants, giving rise to the modern Fijian people. In 1643 AD, Abel Tasman sighted Vanua Levu Island and northern Taveuni. According to native oral legends Fijians were also descendants of a nomadic tribe from Tanganika ( Tanzania ).
What region did the Austronesian migration affect?
The mass migration of Austronesian-speaking peoples thousands of years ago still has an impact on modern countries of the Indo-Pacific region and beyond.
What did the Austronesian people spread?
The migrants spread art and technology – particularly sailing technology – as well as domesticated crops and animals that became island staples in the areas they were introduced to. The Austronesians were also the first to settle in and populate remote islands that are dominated by Austronesian-speaking peoples today. Some historians suggest that the impact of this migration is even greater than we have evidence for, as linguistic and archaeological evidence of settlement in Europe, Africa, and the Americas may have been erased over time.
Where did the Austronesian expansion begin?
The dominant theory of the Austronesian Expansion begins in Taiwan , aptly named the ‘Out-of-Taiwan’ theory. According to this model, attributed to archaeologist Peter Bellwood and linguist Robert Blust around 1980, Taiwanese indigenous peoples first sailed from Taiwan to the Northern islands of the Philippines around 3000 BCE, just 1000 years after they migrated from mainland China to Taiwan. To facilitate this large-scale migration, the Austronesians developed new sailing technologies and methods of navigation that are still used today. This allowed them to travel long distances across the Indo-Pacific and beyond, settling on islands and mainlands across all hemispheres.
Who defended the Austronesian expansion?
Most of the evidence supporting the Austronesian Expansion is linguistic. In the late 1970s, linguist Robert Blust of University of Hawaii defended the theory by breaking down the Proto-Austronesian language groups into subdivisions and linking these divisions back to Taiwan. Each Proto-Austronesian language subgroup was created at different stages of the migration, as new groups moved to new islands and settled there. Blust also linked certain words in the various Austronesian languages back to the environmental conditions in Taiwan, disproving the previous assumption that Austronesian languages originated from Vietnam or Cambodia.
Where did the second wave of migration occur?
Over 1000 years after this first mass migration across the Pacific, a second wave of migration occured. Migrants travelled across the oceans once again to reach Tahiti, Hawaii, and New Zealand. Some argue the second wave of migration went beyond these islands, reaching South America and possibly Africa, Europe, and North America.
Overview
Culture
The native culture of Austronesia varies from region to region. The early Austronesian peoples considered the sea as the basic feature of their life. Following their diaspora to Southeast Asia and Oceania, they migrated by boat to other islands. Boats of different sizes and shapes have been found in every Austronesian culture, from Madagascar, Maritime Southeast Asia, to Polynesia, and have different names. In Southeast Asia, head-hunting was restricted to the highlands as a resul…
History of research
The linguistic connections between Madagascar, Polynesia and Southeast Asia, particularly the remarkable similarities between Malagasy, Malay, and Polynesian numerals, were recognized early in the colonial era by European authors. The first formal publication on these relationships was in 1708 by Dutch Orientalist Adriaan Reland, who recognized a "common language" from Madagascar to western Polynesia, although Dutch explorer Cornelis de Houtman observed linguistic links bet…
Geographical distribution
Prior to the 16th century Colonial Era, the Austronesian language family was the most widespread language family in the world, spanning half the planet from Easter Island in the eastern Pacific Ocean to Madagascar in the western Indian Ocean.
It is spoken today by about 386 million people (4.9% of the global population), making it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages with the highest …
Prehistory
The broad consensus on Austronesian origins is the "two-layer model" where an original Paleolithic indigenous population in Island Southeast Asia were assimilated to varying degrees by incoming migrations of Neolithic Austronesian-speaking peoples from Taiwan and Fujian, in southern China from around 4,000 BP. Austronesians also mixed with other preexisting populations as well as later migrant populations among the islands they settled, resulting in further genetic input. The …
Austronesian expansion
The Austronesian expansion (also called the "Out of Taiwan" model) is a large-scale migration of Austronesians out of Taiwan, occurring around 1500-1000 BCE. Population growth primarily fueled this migration. These first settlers landed in northern Luzon in the archipelago of the Philippines, intermingling with the earlier Australo-Melanesian population who had inhabited the islands since about 23,000 years earlier. Over the next thousand years, Austronesian peoples migrated southe…
Historical period
By the beginning of the first millennium CE, most of the Austronesian inhabitants in Maritime Southeast Asia began trading with India and China. The adoption of Hindu statecraft model allowed the creation of Indianized kingdoms such as Tarumanagara, Champa, Butuan, Langkasuka, Melayu, Srivijaya, Medang Mataram, Majapahit, and Bali. Between the 5th to 15th century Hinduism and Buddhism were established as the main religion in the region. Muslim traders from the Arabian p…
Genetic studies
Genetic studies have been done on the people and related groups. The Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA)a-M119 genetic marker is frequently detected in Native Taiwanese, northern Philippines and Polynesians, as well as some people in Indonesia, Malaysia and non-Austronesian populations in southern China. A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in archaeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the Yangtze River in China also shows high frequencies of Hapl…