The post-war settlement refers to an era of public policy consensus that included support for collectivism, a mixed economy, access to justice, healthcare, social housing and a broader welfare state. It lasted until the monetarism and privatisation programmes of the New Right government of Thatcher.
What was the post war settlement of WW2?
The Postwar Settlement | The Second World War. Through the years of cold war, the United Nations— formed during World War II from among the opponents of the Axis and chartered in 1945 at San Francisco—served as an international organization where members of both coalitions and neutrals alike could confer.
What is the postwar history of international politics?
The postwar history of international politics thus became largely a history of Soviet-American rivalry: a cold war between superpowers.
How to approach the post-settlement agreement?
People approach the post-settlement agreement thinking that it’s complex. But once the weight of getting to an agreement is off your shoulders, it frees you up, and new ideas spark. All you have to do is use simple questions to unlock complex issues.
What happened to progress after World War II?
Through the period of rebuilding and renewal that followed World War II, there was a sense that great progress was possible. American will, with the help of its manufacturing might, had been a factor in stopping the Axis machine.
What was Stalin's plan for the United States?
What was the border between the two coalitions?
What did the Soviets do to Germany in 1949?
Why did the United States respond to Soviet pressures?
What countries were involved in the Baghdad Pact?
Which two countries were the only two to initiate nuclear war?
What did the Soviet Union do to prevent the spread of atomic weapons?
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What period is post-war?
In Western usage, the phrase post-war era (or postwar era) usually refers to the time since the end of World War II. More broadly, a post-war period (or postwar period) is the interval immediately following the end of a war.
What is the political consensus?
Consensus democracy, consensus politics or consensualism is the application of consensus decision-making to the process of legislation in a democracy.
What was the Welfare State 1945?
After the Second World War the incoming Labour government introduced the Welfare State. It applied recommendations from the pioneering civil servant Sir William Beveridge and aimed to wipe out poverty and hardship in society.
What is the liberal consensus?
Liberal consensus may refer to: Embedded liberalism – post World War II international ambitions to combine free market and social policies. Liberal consensus – the post World War II consensus in American politics.
What is the difference between majoritarian and consensus democracy?
In contrast to majoritarian democracy and the perceived danger of a tyranny of the majority, consensus democracy was developed in response. It gives preference to rule by as many people as possible to make government inclusive, with a majority of support from society being a minimal threshold.
What countries are welfare states?
Countries that use the welfare state concept include: the United Kingdom, France, Sweden, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, Findland, Germany, Portugal, Spain, Austria, Greece, Japan, Netherlands, Switzerland, Iceland, Kuwait, Israel, Slovenia, Australia, South Korea, Estonia, Latvia, Israel, Canada, New Zealand, and the United ...
Who started the welfare state?
Otto von Bismarck established the first welfare state in a modern industrial society, with social-welfare legislation, in 1880s Imperial Germany.
What are the benefits of a welfare state?
Welfare states comprise all-encompassing systems of state support that includes not only cash benefits such as public pensions, unemployment benefits, and child allowances, but also state provision of such essential human services like healthcare, housing, and education.
What is the American consensus?
Consensus history is a term used to define a style of American historiography and classify a group of historians who emphasize the basic unity of American values and the American national character and downplay conflicts, especially conflicts along class lines, as superficial and lacking in complexity.
Why did the post war consensus end?
Believers in New Right political beliefs saw their ideology as the solution to Britain's economic dilemmas in the 1970s. When the Conservative Party won the 1979 general election in the wake of the 1978–79 Winter of Discontent, they implemented New Right ideas and brought the post-war consensus to an end.
Is Canada a consensus democracy?
Consensus government is a form of consensus democracy government in Canada used in two of Canada's three federal territories (Northwest Territories and Nunavut) as well as in Nunatsiavut, an autonomous area in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Is Australia a consensus democracy?
From the perspective of the two-dimensional majoritarian-consensus contrast, this adaptation makes Australian democracy slightly, but by no means insignificantly, more consensual on both dimensions.
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History of The Second World War and Peace Settlement
ADVERTISEMENTS: 1. Causes of World War II: In his book entitled “The Second World War”, Cyril Falls says that the World War II was essentially a war revenge initiated by Germany German National Socialism stood first and foremost for revenge. The other aims, the ‘living room’ to be obtained by the subjugation of neighbouring states, […]
From homes fit for heroes to the end of secure, lifelong social housing tenancies
Social housing arose to supply uncrowded, well-built homes on secure tenancies at reasonable rents to primarily working class people. The First World War indirectly provided a new impetus for house building programmes, when the poor physical health and condition of many urban recruits to the army raised alarm.
Narxism
Socialism is not just about what you believe or what you say, it’s about how you see, treat and relate to OTHERS.
What was the second impact of the Portuguese intervention in the First World War?
The second was the reputational damage endured by the country’s young republican regime as a result of its army’s poor performance on the battlefield and Sidónio Pais’ ‘New Republic’.
How much was Portugal's reparation bill?
All told, according to this document, Portugal’s reparation bill came to 432 million pounds sterling, a truly staggering total, in addition to which there would be the claims made under Article 298. Manuel Teixeira Gomes (1860-1941), Portugal’s minister in London, sent the document to Sir Eyre Crowe (1864-1925), a British diplomat generally well disposed towards Portugal. Gomes, turning logic on its head, pointed out that "One can now begin to understand (because, unfortunately, it is only in figures that we can trust) that the part played by my country in the losses suffered during the war is far from insignificant." The Allies, as can be imagined, were appalled.
What is the line to follow in the English Alliance?
The line to follow will be to present ourselves modestly, without making great demands, underscoring that we want neither to increase nor to exchange our territory ; as far as compensation is concerned, we will gather the necessary elements of appraisal, in order to present our claims, in accordance with the line that might be adopted in the conference, defending the principle of fair compensation in order to cover our losses and wartime expenses. We will adhere to the policy of the English alliance, following the rights of the small nations.
Who was the first person to study Portugal's participation in the Peace Conference?
As with many other aspects of the Republic’s history, José Medeiros Ferreira made an initial foray into the study of Portugal’s participation in the Peace Conference; his study, however, concludes with the signing of the peace treaties, whereas the negotiations continued for a long time thereafter.
Did Portugal pay for Germany's wartime damages?
Portugal’s ill-fated campaign for the reparation of wartime damages would continue until 1933.
What were the two revolutionary features of the post 1987 arms agreements?
The second revolutionary feature of the post 1987 arms agreements, both conventional and nuclear, is that they establish transparency.
Why should NATO be sustained?
In addition, NATO ought to be sustained because if things go wrong in Russia, as they might, the Atlantic alliance would form the basis of an opposing coalition, just as it did during the Cold War. But if things do go wrong in Russia, they won't go wrong in a hurry.
Did the Cold War end?
The Cold War began and ended there. The danger of a major war in Europe was the central obsession of the American government for much of the 20th century, and rightly so. But that danger is now at its lowest level in decades, perhaps in all of Europe's modern history.
What is reparations in war?
reparations= money that the nations that lost the war have to pay
Which treaty ended the war?
The Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war, punished Germany and its allies very severely. Germany had to give up land to Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Denmark and France. It also lost its colonies in Africa.
What were the consequences of World War I?
Consequences of World War I. Peace Settlement. Aftermath of World War I. Almost a year before the war ended American president Woodrow Wilson drew up a plan called the Fourteen Points that was to end the war. However, when the Allies got together in Paris in 1919 they didn't consider very much of Wilson's plan.
What countries lost their territory?
Austria and Hungary lost almost two thirds of their former territory. Most of the new states and their borders in Eastern Europe were recognized. In the Middle East, the Ottoman Empire lost control of Syria, Iraq and Palestine. Germany's allies also had to pay reparations and had to reduce the strength of their armies.
A simple question can change the game
Howard Raiffa popularized the idea of the post-settlement settlement. When you get to an agreement, before you sign, ask the counterparty, “Is there any way that we could make this better for both of us?” You want to do so after an agreement has been reached. Why? Because the pressure is off, and you’re able to think more creatively.
Negotiation is about maximizing value
The essence of really good negotiation is maximizing value, right? Yet people don’t often go there. Because of this, they’re missing out on turning a good agreement into a great agreement.
Be mindful of your setup
The counterparty may think you’re trying to sneak something in or nickel and dime them, which is why the setup for your question is important. You need to make sure they know you’re comfortable with the agreement as it is. But you’re asking the question to see if there’s more value to be had for both parties.
What was Stalin's plan for the United States?
In 1947 the United States proposed an international plan of massive American economic aid to accelerate European recovery from the ruin of the war— the Marshall Plan, named for General George C. Marshall, American secretary of state (1880-1959).
What was the border between the two coalitions?
The border between the two coalitions in Europe—named the Iron Curtain by Winston Churchill in 1946—ran along a north-south line across central Europe. Turkey belonged to the Western coalition, and portions of the Middle East and of southeast Asia were linked to it by a network of pacts. The dividing line between North and South Korea—with the Soviet Union occupying the north and the United States the south— represented a kind of Asian extension of the long frontier between the two coalitions. Over this long frontier came aggressive Soviet probing operations that led to crises and in several cases to wars.
What did the Soviets do to Germany in 1949?
In 1949 the three Western powers promoted the union of their respective sectors as the Federal Republic of Germany—West Germany—with its capital at Bonn. The Soviets responded by creating the communist German Democratic Republic—East Germany—with its capital at Pankow outside Berlin. Many West Germans were eager for reunion with their fellow Germans in the Soviet zone. Yet a reunification of Germany under Western capitalist auspices was what the Soviets feared most, believing that it would mean a revival of aggression. An all-communist Germany was equally intolerable to the Western powers.
Why did the United States respond to Soviet pressures?
As the major nation least injured by World War II because virtually no fighting took place on its home soil, the United States was in the best position to respond immediately to Soviet pressures. Under President Truman a new balance of power began to emerge. As part of that balance, the United States first turned to a policy of containment designed to prevent the Soviet Union from extending its control beyond the limits it had consolidated in 1947.
What countries were involved in the Baghdad Pact?
In the Middle East, the Baghdad Pact and its successor, the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), proved to be no more than a series of unstable agreements among the United States, Britain, Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan. With the withdrawal of Iraq from the Baghdad Pact in 1959, no direct alliances linked the Arab world with the West. The neutral nations remained outside the coalitions. Some, like Switzerland or Sweden, were simply maintaining their traditional policies of not aligning themselves with any grouping of powers. But most were newly independent nations. Of these India was the most influential, taking much-needed economic assistance from both coalitions. As economic aid became an instrument in the cold war, neutral nations tried, often with success, to play one side off against the other.
Which two countries were the only two to initiate nuclear war?
The United States and the Soviet Union were at first the only powers able to initiate or pursue nuclear warfare. The postwar history of international politics thus became largely a history of Soviet-American rivalry: a cold war between superpowers.
What did the Soviet Union do to prevent the spread of atomic weapons?
The Soviet Union refused to accept the aid for itself and would not let its satellites participate in the Marshall Plan. The former Western allies subsequently formed the nucleus of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. The Soviet coalition founded the Cominform (Communist Information Bureau) in 1947 as a successor to the former Comintern, and created the Warsaw Pact (1955), binding eastern Europe together, as a reply to NATO. The United States and Britain sought in the 1950s and 1960s to prevent the spread of atomic weapons. Their plan called for a joint multilateral (nuclear) force (MLF). Because the Germans would participate, the French rejected MLF and in 1966 withdrew their military forces from NATO and forced NATO headquarters to be moved out of France.
Introduction↑
The End of The "New Republic"↑
- The Armistice↑
When the armistice was signed on 11 November 1918, Mozambique was beginning to recover from the prolonged presence of Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck’s (1870-1964) forces. These troops had been active in the colony since the previous year, while, on the Western Front, a few Portuguese … - Portugal after Sidónio Pais↑
Without Pais, the "New Republic" was doomed. The only question was what would follow it and how the country’s new political masters, whoever they might be, would view the peace conference (if indeed they had any view on the matter). For the moment, the delegation was operating in a c…
Under The Leadership of Afonso Costa↑
- Change of Leadership↑
The feared attack on the initial delegation, when it finally came, was delivered by the exiled republican wartime leadership, headed by Afonso Costa. Costa, prime minister in 1913, 1915-16 and 1917, had been arrested in Oporto on Pais’ orders and detained for over two months withou… - A New Approach↑
As far as Costa and his collaborators were concerned, Moniz had set his sights too low. No doubt, they believed, because of the "New Republic’s" tainted interventionist credentials. As the Portuguese leader most closely identified with Portugal’s war effort, Costa, who held no office i…
After The Treaty↑
- The Struggle for Ratification and the Question of Mandates↑
Afonso Costa was nothing if not persistent. By wrapping himself in the national colours to attack the treaty, he had bought himself time and domestic support. He understood as well that with the reparations question still open, there remained a possibility of overturning, in part, the poor impr… - Reparations: Unlimited Ambition↑
Afonso Costa’s plans to recover as much money as possible for Portugal rested on two planks. The first was the Reparations Commission and its works. Costa hoped to exploit its conclusions to the full, for which he regularly requested information from Lisbon regarding the total cost of t…
Conclusion↑
- Afonso Costa, the most prominent politician in Portugal from October 1910 to December 1917, was both his country’s leading interventionist and the leader of its delegation at the Paris Peace Conference (from March 1919 onwards). Costa had hoped that an important triumph at the conference might provide a justification for the interventionist campaign, tainted by Portugal’s di…