What is the U in consolidation settlement?
Obtaining a reliable stress profile from the applied load. ΔH = total settlement, ΔHc = consolidation settlement, ΔH = secondary compression, U = average degree of consolidation. Generally, the final settlement of a foundation is of interest and U is considered equal to 1 (i.e. 100% consolidation) 1. Immediate Settlement
What is the meaning of U in settlement?
ΔH = total settlement, ΔHc = consolidation settlement, ΔH = secondary compression, U = average degree of consolidation. Generally, the final settlement of a foundation is of interest and U is considered equal to 1 (i.e. 100% consolidation) 1. Immediate Settlement
What is the difference between immediate settlement and consolidation settlement?
Immediate settlement analysis are used for all fine-grained soils including silts and clays with a degree of saturation < 90% and for all coarse grained soils with large co-efficient of permeability (say above 10.2 m/s) 2. Consolidation Settlement (ΔHc) Consolidation settlements are time dependent and take months to years to develop.
What is computation of immediate settlement?
Computation of Immediate settlement. This is generally taken as the zone bounded by 20 % pressure bulb corresponding to which the depth is 1.5 times the width for square foundation and 3 times the width for a strip foundation. For important structures the zone bounded by 10 % contours is taken as the significant depth.
What is the difference between total settlement and differential settlement?
What is the final settlement of a foundation?
Why is the leaning tower of Pisa undergoing consolidation settlement?
How much settlement is acceptable for a road embankment?
What is secondary consolidation?
What is the value of m in a settlement?
Is soil settlement a good estimate of deformation?
See 2 more
What does OCR stand for in geotechnical?
In geotechnical engineering, generally a parameter called the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) is used to indicate the stress history of a soil deposit. Value of OCR can be determined by conducting an odometer test using an undisturbed soil sample.
What does OCR 1 mean?
The overconsolidation ratio (OCR) allows characterising the stress history of soils. This parameter can be computed from the preconsolidation stress, , and the overburden vertical effective stress for a given soil, , as. (5.2) In principle, values of 1 are associated with a underconsolidated state for the soil.
What is the unit of coefficient of consolidation?
cm2/secCoefficient of consolidation is the rate at which saturated soil undergoes consolidation. It can be only measured in laboratory. Time factor is given by T v = C v t d 2 . From this equation, the unit of coefficient of consolidation comes out to be cm2/sec.
How do you calculate OCR?
OCR is evaluated by the formula: OCR = σ'p / σ'yy. If OCR≤1, the soil is considered to be normally consolidated, when OCR> 1 - it is overconsolidated.
Why is OCR used?
OCR stands for "Optical Character Recognition." It is a technology that recognizes text within a digital image. It is commonly used to recognize text in scanned documents and images. OCR software can be used to convert a physical paper document, or an image into an accessible electronic version with text.
What is OCR explain?
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is the process that converts an image of text into a machine-readable text format. For example, if you scan a form or a receipt, your computer saves the scan as an image file. You cannot use a text editor to edit, search, or count the words in the image file.
What is CU value of soil?
Uniformity Coefficient (Cu) which is a measure of the uniformity of grain size in the soil and is defined as the ratio of the 60% finer size (D60) to D10. which indicates a relatively uniform soil (sometimes referred to as poorly graded).
What is CV in consolidation?
cv is the coefficient of consolidation and is a measure of the rate at which the consolidation process proceeds. In many consolidation problems in which the total stress σ remains constant throughout.
How is consolidation settlement calculated?
The settlement can be calculated by knowing the size of the dike, total load on the soil due to weight of the dike and the soil properties such as elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, compression index, recompression index, secondary compression index, effective preconsolidation stress, coefficient of consolidation and ...
How is OCR accuracy calculated?
Measuring OCR accuracy is done by taking the output of an OCR run for an image and comparing it to the original version of the same text. You can then either count how many characters were detected correctly (character level accuracy), or count how many words were recognized correctly (word level accuracy).
How can I improve my accuracy OCR?
5 Ways to Improve OCR AccuracyGood Quality of Source Images. Before using OCR, make sure you can read the images with your own eyes. ... Right Size of Images. ... Remove Noise / Denoise. ... Increase Image Contrast. ... De-skew Original Source.
Does OCR increase with depth?
One more increase of OCR values is observed in the depth from ~ 20.6 m, when values of cone tip resistance q c in- crease to >4 MPa, and the calculated OCR is 12 to 20 (Fig.
What is GCSE OCR?
OCR (Oxford, Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body. We provide GCSEs and A Levels in over 40 subjects and offer over 450 vocational qualifications. Our heritage is long established and provides us with expertise across the full range of academic and vocational qualifications.
What is OCR service in Realme?
In response to your query, the Optical character recognition (OCR) allows you to extract printed or handwritten text from images, such as photos of street signs and products, as well as from documents--invoices, bills, financial reports, articles, and more.
What is OCR in blue prism?
An OCR engine is available within Blue Prism for situations where it is not appropriate to use the native character recognition engine to interact with on-screen text.
What is OCR Python?
Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a technology for recognizing text in images, such as scanned documents and photos. We must have taken a photo of a text just because we are too lazy to take notes or type the text because taking photos takes less time than taking notes.
Settlement Analysis on the Geotechnical Information Website
The following calculations were first derived by Vesic, and can be found in the USACE manual. See USACE EM 1110-2-2906 - Design of Pile Foundations.. w = w s + w f + w p. where, w = vertical settlement of a single pile at the top of pile, m (ft) w s = (Q p + a s Q f) L m (ft) AE = amount of settlement due to the axial deformation of the pile shaft
Consolidation Settlement [simply explained] - Structural Guide
Consolidation of soil (normally consolidated) can be evaluated from the following equation as discussed in this article. S c = C c H c /(1+e 0) log[(σ’ 0 +Δσ’ av)/σ’ 0]. Where. S c – consolidation settlement in the normally consolidated clay. C c – Compression index – to be evaluated from the laboratory testing. H c – Height of the clay layer. e 0 – Initial void ratio of ...
Chapter 7: Settlement of Shallow Foundations
Civil Engineering Department: Foundation Engineering (ECIV 4052) Engr. Yasser M. Almadhoun Page 3
Fig. 9.7 Void ratio to effective pressure curves
curve, primary compression being made up of (i) a reversible part and (ii) an irreversible part. Once the consolidation pressure is extended beyond the original consolidation pressure value (the preconsolidation pressure ), the e p curve follows the trend of the original compression curve.
Typical values of mv are given in Table 9.3
In the laboratory consolidation test the compression of the sample is one-dimensional as there is lateral confinement, the initial excess pore water pressure induced in a saturated clay on loading being equal to the magnitude
What is the difference between total settlement and differential settlement?
Total settlement is the magnitude of downward movement. Differential settlement is non-uniform settlement. It is "the difference of settlement between various locations of the structure. Angular distortion between two points under a structure is equal, to the differential settlement between the points divided by the distance between them.
What is the final settlement of a foundation?
Generally, the final settlement of a foundation is of interest and U is considered equal to 1 (i.e. 100% consolidation) 1. Immediate Settlement. Immediate settlement takes place as the load is applied or within a time period of about 7 days. Predominates in cohesion less soils and unsaturated clay.
Why is the leaning tower of Pisa undergoing consolidation settlement?
The lean is caused by consolidation settlement being greater on one side. This, however, is an extreme case. The principal settlements for most projects occur in 3 to 10 years.
How much settlement is acceptable for a road embankment?
A fixed-end arch would suffer greatly if the abutments settle or rotate. For road embankments, storage silos and tanks a settlement of 300mm - 600mm may be acceptable, but for machine foundations the settlement may be limited to 5mm 30mm. Different types of construction materials can withstand different degrees of distortion. For example, sheet metal wall panels do not show distress as readily as brick masonry.
What is secondary consolidation?
Secondary consolidation may be the larger component if settlement in some soils, particularly in soils with a large organic component. Secondary consolidation is associated with both immediate & consolidation type settlements, although it is usually not of much significance with immediate settlements.
What is the value of m in a settlement?
m = number of corners contributing to settlement ΔHi. At the footing center m= 4; and at a corner m = 1, at a side m = 2.
Is soil settlement a good estimate of deformation?
Except for occasional happy coincidences, soil settlement computations are only best estimates of the deformation to expect when a load is applied.
How many times is the settlement at the center?
To the settlement at the center, the principal of superposition is used. For a rectangular area the settlement at the center is equal to four times the settlement at the corner.
What is the most widely used method for computing the immediate settlement?
There are various methods of computing the immediate settlement. The most widely used are the Schleicher’s method and Jambu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli’s method.
How long does it take for a soil to settle?
Immediate settlement takes place in a short time (about a week) after application of load and is due to elastic distortion of the soil. As the settlement is experienced in a short time, there will not be enough time for soil mass for change in its water content. Hence, Settlement takes place under constant Volume or under un-drained conditions. Immediate settlement is computed by elastic theory. Compared to consolidation settlement, particularly in saturated clay, immediate settlement is very small and often neglected unless the structure is very important.
What is depth correction?
Depth Correction – A foundation placed at the surface will settle more than a foundation placed at a certain depth. To account for this, Fox 1948 has given a chart for depth factor, which is shown in Fig.1.
When does the settlement of granular soil take place?
On granular soil deposits, the settlement should take place immediately after the application of load. Therefore, the modulus of subgrade reaction is premised on two simplified assumptions which are;
What are the factors that affect the modulus of subgrade reaction?
Other factors that affect the modulus of subgrade reaction are the shape of footing, depth of foundation, type of soil, and type of foundation.
What is the modulus of subgrade reaction?
The modulus of subgrade reaction ks (also called the coefficient of subgrade reaction of soil) is the ratio between the pressure against a flat surface on soil and the settlement at that point. Mathematically, this is expressed as;
What is coefficient of subgrade reaction?
Added an answer on September 28, 2020 at 1:59 pm. Hi, In simple words coefficient of subgrade reaction is the function of stiffness and compressibility of soil. It is also known as Modulus of subgrade reaction.
How to calculate mod of subgrade reaction?
To calculate the Mod of Subgrade Reaction, Plate bearing test is conduct ed. A graph is plotted with the mean settlement (mm) on x axis & load (kg/cm 2 )on y-axis. The pressure p corresponding to settlement of 1.25mm is obtained from the graph. The mod. of subgrade reaction K is calculated from the relation given below.
What is the difference between total settlement and differential settlement?
Total settlement is the magnitude of downward movement. Differential settlement is non-uniform settlement. It is "the difference of settlement between various locations of the structure. Angular distortion between two points under a structure is equal, to the differential settlement between the points divided by the distance between them.
What is the final settlement of a foundation?
Generally, the final settlement of a foundation is of interest and U is considered equal to 1 (i.e. 100% consolidation) 1. Immediate Settlement. Immediate settlement takes place as the load is applied or within a time period of about 7 days. Predominates in cohesion less soils and unsaturated clay.
Why is the leaning tower of Pisa undergoing consolidation settlement?
The lean is caused by consolidation settlement being greater on one side. This, however, is an extreme case. The principal settlements for most projects occur in 3 to 10 years.
How much settlement is acceptable for a road embankment?
A fixed-end arch would suffer greatly if the abutments settle or rotate. For road embankments, storage silos and tanks a settlement of 300mm - 600mm may be acceptable, but for machine foundations the settlement may be limited to 5mm 30mm. Different types of construction materials can withstand different degrees of distortion. For example, sheet metal wall panels do not show distress as readily as brick masonry.
What is secondary consolidation?
Secondary consolidation may be the larger component if settlement in some soils, particularly in soils with a large organic component. Secondary consolidation is associated with both immediate & consolidation type settlements, although it is usually not of much significance with immediate settlements.
What is the value of m in a settlement?
m = number of corners contributing to settlement ΔHi. At the footing center m= 4; and at a corner m = 1, at a side m = 2.
Is soil settlement a good estimate of deformation?
Except for occasional happy coincidences, soil settlement computations are only best estimates of the deformation to expect when a load is applied.
