Who signed the Treaty of Vienna 1725?
The Peace of Vienna (often referred to as the First Treaty of Vienna) was a series of four treaties signed between 30 April 1725 and 5 November 1725 by the Habsburg Monarchy, the Holy Roman Empire (in accordance with Austria ), and Bourbon Spain; the Russian Empire later joined the newly-found alliance in 1726.
When was the Congress of Vienna signed?
The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna comprised all the agreements in one great instrument. It was signed on June 9, 1815, by the “eight” (except Spain, which refused as a protest against the Italian settlement). All the other powers subsequently acceded to it.
What happened at the Congress of Vienna in 1815?
Congress of Vienna. Negotiations continued despite the outbreak of fighting triggered by Napoleon's dramatic return from exile and resumption of power in France during the Hundred Days of March to July 1815. The Congress's "final act" was signed nine days before his final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815.
What was the significance of the Vienna settlement?
The principle of restoration was consistent with that of legitimacy which the French statesman Talleyrand was exploiting in order to save France from further territorial spoliation and to enable his defeated country to play an important part in the deliberations of Europe. The Vienna Settlement restored the Bourbons in Spain, Naples and Sicily.
When was the Vienna of peace settlement made?
25 March 1815Treaty of Vienna of 25 March 1815, (also known as "Treaty of General Alliance") when Austria, Britain, Prussia and Russia agreed to put 150,000 men in the field against Napoleon Bonaparte.
Who headed the Vienna peace settlement?
Tsar Alexander I controlled the Russian delegation which was formally led by the foreign minister, Count Karl Robert Nesselrode. The tsar had two main goals, to gain control of Poland and to promote the peaceful coexistence of European nations.
Who signed Treaty of Vienna and why?
The Treaty of Vienna (Danish: Freden i Wien; German: Frieden von Wien) was a peace treaty signed on 30 October 1864 in Vienna between the Austrian Empire, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Kingdom of Denmark. The treaty ended the Second War of Schleswig.
Which year Treaty of Vienna was signed?
…and the emperor concluded the Treaty of Vienna (May 1689) and declared war on Louis; over the next 18 months William's rare diplomatic skill brought into the alliance Brandenburg, Hanover, Saxony, Bavaria, Savoy, and Spain, as well as England, which became its linchpin.
Why did the Vienna settlements fail?
Answer and Explanation: The Congress of Vienna failed because the great powers didn't deal with rising nationalism across Europe, a force that would destabilize the continent throughout the 19th century.
What were the three principles of Vienna Settlement?
The Vienna Settlement was based on three principles, viz., restoration, legitimacy' and compensation.
What was the main aim of the Treaty of Vienna 1815?
The primary aim of the 1815's treaty, "Treaty of Vienna" was to reverse a majority of the reforms that took place in Europe after the Napoleonic wars in Napoleon's rule. Other provisions of the treaty included the establishment of a peace strategy for Europe that would last for a long time.
What was the result of Treaty of Vienna 1815?
(i) The Bourbon dynasty which was deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power, Steps were taken to prevent French expansion in future. (ii) Prussia was given important new territories on its western part and Austria was given control of Northern part of Italy.
What was the result of Treaty of Vienna?
According to this treaty: The Bourbon dynasty was brought back to power and France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. To prevent the French evasion, a series of states were set up on the boundaries of France.
What is Treaty of Vienna Class 10th?
The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was the formal agreement of the allied powers – Austria, Great Britain, Prussia and Russia to draw up a settlement for Europe. The main goal of this treaty was to undo all the changes that were brought about in Europe during the reign of Napoleon wars.
Who hosted Treaty of Vienna 1815?
Chancellor Duke MetternichThe Congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich. The delegates drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
How many countries have signed the Vienna Declaration?
There are 33 state parties, where the convention is ratified: Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Uruguay, Senegal, Liberia, Gabon, Australia, United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, Belarus, Moldova, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Spain, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Italy, Austria, Croatia, Hungary ...
Who was the leader of the Congress of Vienna?
Klemens von MetternichKlemens von Metternich - Leadership of the Congress of Vienna | Britannica.
Who Won the Congress of Vienna?
The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna comprised all the agreements in one great instrument. It was signed on June 9, 1815, by the “eight” (except Spain, which refused as a protest against the Italian settlement). All the other powers subsequently acceded to it.
Who was the most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna?
Prince Klemens von MetternichThe most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna was Prince Klemens von Metternich, the prime minister of Austria. His plan was to restore to power the legitimate rulers, that is, members of the royal families who ruled before Napoleon. He and other leaders followed conservative values.
Who was involved in the Congress of Vienna?
The major countries represented in the Congress were Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, the same nations that had prepared themselves against a war with Napoleon's forces while he was conquering areas of Europe. One goal they had was to contain France after the Napoleonic Wars so as to restore order and balance.
What was the first treaty of Vienna?
The Peace of Vienna (often referred to as the First Treaty of Vienna) was a series of four treaties signed between 30 April 1725 and 5 November 1725 by the Habsburg Monarchy, the Holy Roman Empire (in accordance with Austria ), and Bourbon Spain; the Russian Empire later joined the newly-found alliance in 1726. The signing of this treaty marks the founding of the Austro-Spanish Alliance and led the Fourth Anglo-Spanish War (1727-1729). This new alliance thereby removed Austria from the Quadruple Alliance. In addition to a formation of the new partnership, the Habsburgs relinquished all formal claims to the Spanish throne, while the Spanish removed their claims in the Southern Netherlands, and a number of other territories.
What was the principle agreement in the Peace of Utrecht?
A principle agreement in the Peace of Utrecht was the newly seated Spanish Bourbons would be barred from ascending to the French throne; vice versa for the French Bourbons and the Spanish throne, thereby eliminating a possible personal union between France and Spain. This agreement was simply reaffirmed, which denotes the seriousness of this matter.
What was the main article of importance of the Treaty of Ostend East India Company?
The main article of importance is the Spanish recognition of the Ostend East India Company and the permission of free docking rights which included the rights to refuel in the Spanish colonies. In addition, the treaty publicly signed certifying an alliance was only a defensive one, though later in the year, both parties signed a secret treaty which founded a general alliance between both nations.
What was the last treaty between Spain and the Habsburgs?
The last of the three separate treaties written in Vienna was the defensive military alliance between the Habsburgs and Spain. After Spain's severe loss in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1717-1720) and weakening in the War of the Spanish Succession (1700-1714) the balance of power needed to be reset in Europe; and the Habsburgs believed making peace and fostering a new relationship with the Spanish would spark a realignment of control. Both army and naval support were guaranteed in the event of either nation being attacked by a foreign power.
What was the final disputed territory?
The final disputed territory was the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. Charles VI came to an agreement with Philip V that his heirs and siblings would have legal rights to Tuscany. Grand Duke Gian de' Medici was ailing without issue and decided to be bedridden for the end of his reign. Rights to the Duchies of Parma and Piacenza were also granted to the Spanish Bourbons. The catch being these duchies would remain fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire, and not be independent of Imperial affairs.
What was the significance of the victory of Charles VI?
An important victory for Charles VI was Philip V's acceptance of Charles' Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. While Charles agreed to withdraw his claims to the Spanish throne and consented to defend the Spanish succession, Philip agreed to the Austrian Succession. The Spanish recognition of the Sanction would continue Charles VI's lifelong pursuit to secure his daughter Maria Theresa's succession to the Austrian throne and approval in an Imperial Election .
What did King Philip V agree to establish?
King Philip V agreed to establish the City of Livorno as a free port of entry for both parties. The Tuscan Isle of Elba and the Town of Porto Logone were agreed to be ceded to the future claimant and owner of the throne of Tuscany upon their accession. In addition to these concessions, Philip V was obligated to rescind his claims on these duchies.
How many states were represented at the Vienna Congress?
Virtually every state in Europe had a delegation in Vienna – more than 200 states and princely houses were represented at the Congress. In addition, there were representatives of cities, corporations, religious organizations (for instance, abbeys) and special interest groups – e.g., a delegation representing German publishers, demanding a copyright law and freedom of the press. The Congress was noted for its lavish entertainment: according to a famous joke it did not move, but danced.
Who represented Austria in the Congress?
Austria was represented by Prince Metternich, the Foreign Minister, and by his deputy, Baron Johann von Wessenberg. As the Congress's sessions were in Vienna, Emperor Francis was kept closely informed.
What was the first time national representatives came together to formulate treaties?
On the other hand, the Congress was the first occasion in history where, on a continental scale, national representatives came together to formulate treaties instead of relying mostly on messages among the several capitals.
How many states were there in the German Confederation?
A German Confederation of 39 states, under the presidency of the Austrian Emperor, formed from the previous 300 states of the Holy Roman Empire. Only portions of the territories of each of Austria and Prussia were included in the Confederation (roughly the same portions that had been within the Holy Roman Empire).
When was the final act signed?
Italian states after the Congress of Vienna with Austrian-annexed territories shown in yellow. The Final Act, embodying all the separate treaties, was signed on 9 June 1815 (nine days before the Battle of Waterloo ).
Which countries gained control of the Rhenish Palatinate?
Most of the territorial gains of Bavaria , Württemberg, Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Nassau under the mediatizations of 1801–1806 were recognized. Bavaria also gained control of the Rhenish Palatinate and of parts of the Napoleonic Duchy of Würzburg and Grand Duchy of Frankfurt. Hesse-Darmstadt, in exchange for giving up the Duchy of Westphalia to Prussia, received Rhenish Hesse with its capital at Mainz.
When did Napoleon's final act come into force?
The Congress's "final act" was signed nine days before his final defeat at Waterloo on 18 June 1815.
What was the Congress of Vienna?
For the article summary, see Congress of Vienna summary . Congress of Vienna, assembly in 1814–15 that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. It began in September 1814, five months after Napoleon I ’s first abdication and completed its “Final Act” in June 1815, shortly before the Waterloo campaign and the final defeat of Napoleon.
Who was the principal minister of Austria in 1814?
Representatives began to arrive in Vienna toward the end of September 1814. All of Europe sent its most-important statesmen. Klemens, prince von Metternich, principal minister of Austria, represented his emperor, Francis II. Tsar Alexander I of Russia directed his own diplomacy.
What was the most comprehensive treaty Europe had ever seen?
The settlement was the most-comprehensive treaty that Europe had ever seen. The Congress of Vienna, watercolour etching by August Friedrich Andreas Campe, in the collection of the State Borodino War and History Museum, Moscow.
When was the Congress meeting postponed?
They had no intention of giving way, however, and refused to summon a meeting of all the representatives. The opening of the congress was postponed until November 1. No solution could be found, however, and after a meeting of the “eight” on October 30, the opening was again postponed.
Who decided the future of the conquered territories?
Thus, the ministers of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain assembled early for discussions and finally agreed, on September 22, 1814, that the “four” should be those to decide the future of all the conquered territories. They were then to communicate their decisions to France and Spain.
Who was the representative of Spain in the Talleyrand case?
Such was the situation that Talleyrand found when he arrived on September 24. He refused to accept it and was supported by Spain’s representative, the marqués de Labrador .
What were the principles of the Vienna Settlement?
The Vienna Settlement was based on three principles, viz., restoration, legitimacy’ and compensation. As regards the principle of restoration, it was decided to restore, as far as possible, the boundaries and reigning families of the several European countries as they were before the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon.
Who bought the help of Napoleon III to turn out the Austrians from Venetia and Lombardy?
In 1859, Cavour bought the help of Napoleon III to turn out the Austrians from Venetia and Lombardy by giving him Nice and Savoy. (3) The hopes of the liberals were frustrated. Rulers who were restored by the Vienna Settlement set up reactionary regimes in their countries and there was repression everywhere.
Why did Prussia want to annex the whole of Saxony?
Prussia desired to annex the whole of Saxony in exchange for the large amount of Polish territory she was surrendering to Russia and Czar Alexander “backed up” Prussia to the limit. Metternich refused to allow Prussia so large an extension of the territory contiguous to Austria and Castlereagh and Talleyrand (of France) stood with him. The difference went right up to the brink of war.
What was the problem before the European statesmen when Napoleon was overthrown?
However, when he was overthrown in 1814 and sent to the Island of Elba, the problem before the European statesmen was how the map of Europe was to be redrawn. As Metternich had played the most important part in the overthrow of Napoleon, Vienna was chosen as the venue of negotiations and the settlement of Europe.
Why did Napoleon add territories to other states?
Napoleon had badly mutilated the political map of Europe. He had tom away territories from some States and added them to other States to suit his convenience.
Why did Alexander I want to put forward his scheme of the Holy Alliance?
What Alexander I wanted was that the rulers of the European States should apply the principles of Christianity in their dealings with one another.
How long did the Union of Holland and Belgium last?
The union of Holland and Belgium lasted but 15 years. The Italian and German settlement survived but 50 years and the Polish barely a century.”. Napoleon had annexed Holland in 1811 on account of the refusal of Louis to enforce strictly the Continental System.
Bibliography
Chapman, Tim. Congress of Vienna: Origins, Processes, and Results. Florence, KY: Routledge, 1998. Web.
Footnotes
1 Tim Chapman. Congress of Vienna: Origins, Processes, and Results (Florence, KY: Routledge, 1998), 1. Web.
Overview
The Peace of Vienna (often referred to as the First Treaty of Vienna) was a series of four treaties signed between 30 April 1725 and 5 November 1725 by the Habsburg monarchy, the Holy Roman Empire (in accordance with Austria), and Bourbon Spain; the Russian Empire later joined the newly-found alliance in 1726. The signing of this treaty marks the founding of the Austro-Spanish Alliance a…
Peace Provisions
Due to recent conclusion of the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1717-1720) and the earlier War of the Spanish Succession (1700-1714), and even though both of these wars had prior states of peace written, Austria and Spain both saw it necessary to make an established bilateral peace on matters that affected both nations personally. In fact, this peace was directly modeled off the previous Tr…
Commerce Provision
The main commerce clause within the treaty was the recognition of the Ostend East India Company. Philip V granted the Company permission to dock and resupply in Spanish dominions and states across the globe, providing these ships produce proper documentation. The Ostend Company was granted the same privileges granted to the United Provinces in matters of trade.
Defensive Provisions
The last of the three separate treaties written in Vienna was the defensive military alliance between the Habsburgs and Spain. After Spain's severe loss in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1717-1720) and weakening in the War of the Spanish Succession (1700-1714) the balance of power needed to be reset in Europe; and the Habsburgs believed making peace and fostering a new relationship with the Spanish would spark a realignment of control. Both army and naval su…
See also
• War of the Spanish Succession
• War of the Quadruple Alliance
• War of the Polish Succession
• War of the Burgundian Succession
Overview
The Congress of Vienna (French: Congrès de Vienne, German: Wiener Kongress) of 1814–1815 was an international diplomatic conference to reconstitute the European political order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. It was a meeting of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from Septembe…
Preliminaries
The Treaty of Chaumont in 1814 had reaffirmed decisions that had been made already and that would be ratified by the more important Congress of Vienna of 1814–15. They included the establishment of a confederated Germany, the division of Italy into independent states, the restoration of the Bourbon kings of Spain, and the enlargement of the Netherlands to include what in 1830 became modern Belgium. The Treaty of Chaumont became the cornerstone of the Euro…
Participants
The Congress functioned through formal meetings such as working groups and official diplomatic functions; however, a large portion of the Congress was conducted informally at salons, banquets, and balls.
The Four Great Powers had previously formed the core of the Sixth Coalition. On the verge of Napoleon's defeat they had outlined their common position in the Treaty …
Talleyrand's role
Initially, the representatives of the four victorious powers hoped to exclude the French from serious participation in the negotiations, but Talleyrand skillfully managed to insert himself into "her inner councils" in the first weeks of negotiations. He allied himself to a Committee of Eight lesser powers (including Spain, Sweden, and Portugal) to control the negotiations. Once Talleyrand wa…
Final Act
The Final Act, embodying all the separate treaties, was signed on 9 June 1815 (nine days before the Battle of Waterloo). Its provisions included:
• Russia received most of the Duchy of Warsaw (Poland) and retained Finland (which it had annexed from Sweden in 1809 and would hold until 1917, as the Grand Duchy of Finland).
Other changes
The Congress's principal results, apart from its confirmation of France's loss of the territories annexed between 1795 and 1810, which had already been settled by the Treaty of Paris, were the enlargement of Russia, (which gained most of the Duchy of Warsaw) and Prussia, which acquired the district of Poznań, Swedish Pomerania, Westphalia and the northern Rhineland. The consolidation of Germany from the nearly 300 states of the Holy Roman Empire (dissolved in 180…
Later criticism
The Congress of Vienna has frequently been criticized by 19th century and more recent historians for ignoring national and liberal impulses, and for imposing a stifling reaction on the Continent. It was an integral part in what became known as the Conservative Order, in which the democracy and civil rights associated with the American and French Revolutions were de-emphasized.
In the 20th century, however, many historians came to admire the statesmen at the Congress, w…
See also
• Diplomatic timeline for 1815
• Precedence among European monarchies
• Concert of Europe
• European balance of power