What are rural settlement patterns?
Finally, rural settlement patterns refer to the shape of a community based on how it arranges houses. There are a number of factors that help determine both the type and pattern of a rural settlement, but they generally fall into two categories:
How did Rural Settlement develop in the early Middle Ages?
The simpler hamlet clusters which characterized settlement in poorer more difficult agricultural environments were often associated with kinship groups, organic growth of settlements over long periods of time, as well as tribal roots of landownership in the early Middle Ages. Figure 2. Schematic rural settlement map.
What is a village settlement?
Village settlements reflected widely variable plan structures, which German geographers in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries attempted to classify on ethnic or environmental lines.
Where do farmers live in a settlement?
In this settlement type, farmers do not live in a clustered area with the farmland outside the village; rather, they actually live in houses on their farm, placing them near livestock. In some cases, the home is at the center of the farm's dimensions, while other times the home is more conveniently placed closer to the road.
What are the different types of settlements?
There are innumerable geometric possibilities relating to local terrain and location (such as road, canal, riverbank, or spring-line settlements), political conditions, or genesis of the settlements: colonial villages often had defensive functions expressed in linear or circular forms (Figure 2 ). The simpler hamlet clusters which characterized settlement in poorer more difficult agricultural environments were often associated with kinship groups, organic growth of settlements over long periods of time, as well as tribal roots of landownership in the early Middle Ages.
How does urbanization affect grassland ecosystems?
3 ). Urbanization causes the establishment of impermeable surfaces, landscape fragmentation, habitat loss and a loss in natural resource pathways and biodiversity ( Van der Walt et al., 2015 ).
What is the South Indian coastline?
The south Indian coastline comprises many urban and rural settlements with higher population density along with valuable environmental, aesthetic, and recreational resources, whereas the various hotspots have been noted as under vulnerability to physical and environmental damages (Mujabar and Chandrasekar, 2011; Kaliraj et al., 2013 ). The modified CVI model is applied to the coastline with the length of 58 km from the Kanyakumari to Thengapattinam along the southern part of Tamil Nadu, India that covers the geographical coordinates of 77°9′49.23″E to 77° 34′14.99″E longitude and 8° 6′32.63″N to 8°14′15.30″N latitude. Fig. 18.1 shows the geographical location of the South Indian coastal stretch. The coastal configuration is gently sloping southward with respect to landward margin of the coastline that comprises beach landforms like sandy beaches, dunes, estuaries, and other fluvio-marine landforms ( Srinivas and Sajan, 2010; Kaliraj et al., 2015 ). The coastal upland is mainly associated with rocky shore and offshore outcrops that act as a natural barrier to wave actions and storm surges. The sandy beaches and beach ridges are found in the Sanguthurai, Chothavilai, Pillaithoppu, Ganapathipuram, Rajakkamangalam, Colachel, and Simonkudiyiruppu coastal areas ( Hentry et al., 2012 ). Onshore margin of the coast is composed of thick Late Quaternary deposits and sandy materials generally sloping toward the sea that cover settlements, coconut plantations, and shallow water bodies like backwater and creeks ( Loveson et al., 1990 ). The rocky boulders and sea cliffs are found in the Muttam, Kanyakumari, and Cape Comorin coasts, and the sandstone found along the study area is made up of igneous rock and silt clay materials. The alluvial mixed clay is embraced at the mouth of the Thamirabarani estuary in the Thengapattinam and Pazhayar estuary in Manakudi. The three major drainage networks such as Pazhayar, Valliyar, and Thamirabarani and their tributaries are flowing in a southerly direction from the Western Ghats, and they are the primary sources for sediment discharge to maintain equilibrium status of coastal landforms during both southwest and northeast monsoons ( Baba et al., 1987; Kaliraj et al., 2017a ). The subtropical climatic condition prevails in the coastal region with the rainfall range of 826–1456 mm and temperature range of 23.78–33.95°C. Along the coastline, the human settlements have clustered in the nearshore and backshore, and this increased from 17.54 km 2 in 2000 to 39.22 km 2 in 2018. In the coastline, altering the hydrodynamic forces due to natural and anthropogenic forces produces adverse impact on coastal landforms and habitats for long-term scale. The coastal livelihoods and resources experience vulnerability to physical damage, hence it is very necessary for assessment and mapping the vulnerability using remote sensing and GIS for sustainable coastal management.
What are vernacular buildings?
Vernacular buildings mirror local culture and environment in terms of building traditions, styles, and construction materials. Rural villages in lowland England and France contain many substantial farmhouses and ancillary buildings extending back to the 1600s and earlier.
How does grazing affect grassland?
Overutilization in terms of grazing combined with the effect of trampling degrades the grassland habitat making it susceptible for invasion by alien plants and woody species encroachment. Thus, incorrect grazing practices and stocking rates combined with drought events can alter the structure, composition and ecosystem functioning of the grassland areas. Moderate to heavy grazing by domestic animals causes a decrease in forb species richness of up to 84% and even leads to the extirpation of certain perennial forbs ( Scott-Shaw and Morris, 2014 ). In areas where land is left fallow it seldom if ever returns to its original vegetation structure. Bredenkamp and Brown (2003) found that natural grasslands in the Highveld region of South Africa that are degraded due to anthropogenic influences become dominated by thatch grasses ( Hyparrhenia spp.). These Hyparrhenia -dominated grasslands tend to be stable for a very long time (up to 50 years or more) and mostly have low species richness and diversity. In the high-altitude sub-alpine grasslands of Lesotho uncontrolled and ill-managed grazing programs have resulted in the degradation of the grasslands as well as its associated peatlands where large-scale erosion occurs. This has negative impacts on the larger and very important water catchment that is regarded as the most important water catchment area of southern Africa ( Du Preez and Brown, 2011 ).
Where are linear settlements found?
Linear: These settlements are built in a line of houses. Often, they are found in a long valley, but they can also stretch out along a roadway or riverbank.
What Exactly is Rural?
Rural is a difficult term to define. In some senses, it means the landscape and habitations outside of cities and towns. But what about small towns and villages surrounded by fields? For our purposes, rural refers to areas outside of cities where a large amount of the surrounding land is used for agriculture or animal pastures. This also helps delineate non-city areas that are just forested, something you wouldn't often think of as rural.
What is a semi compact settlement?
Semi-compact types are clusters of houses, also called hamlets, not as tightly placed as compact settlements, but showing a clear grouping and boundary. Dispersed settlements are scattered throughout the rural landscape with farmers building homes directly on their farmland.
What is a pattern in a settlement?
Patterns refer to the shape of a settlement, not its density. It's easier to define the compact or semi-compact settlements, as the dispersed settlements are usually too spread out to define a shape. There are many more patterns, but the most common rural settlement patterns are:
What are the factors that make up a dispersed settlement?
Dispersed settlements are the result of many different factors, including the needs of the farm to have permanent attendants, open grasslands, hilly terrains, and relative security that raiders will not attack it. Patterns refer to the shape of a settlement, not its density.
What type of settlements are built around a lake?
We also find this in settlements built all at once. Circular or semi-circular: These types of settlements are often built partway around or completely surrounding a lake or large pond. Circular settlements are also built for defense with a protective wall around the perimeter.
Which settlement has the highest density of population?
Compact settlements have the highest density of population. They have homes stacked together, often touching at the sides or stacked in multi-family buildings. Streets tend to be narrow between the rows of homes. We often find this type of arrangement in highly fertile floodplains.
Abstract
In the forms of population migration in Mongolia, nomadic herders move to urban and other settlements as the most common forms of migration. Population settlement is sedentary lifestyle and the basic way of improving people's living conditions, including many socio-economic and environmental aspects.
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