What is the purpose of political settlement?
A political settlement is a tacit agreement among powerful groups about the rules of the political and economic game, that keeps the peace by providing opportunities for those groups to secure a distribution of benefits (such as resources, rights, and status) they find acceptable. Why should you be interested in political settlements?
What should a political settlement look like?
a political settlement should be ‘a legitimate process of negotiation between power holders…leading to power sharing, forgiveness, reconciliation, security and peace’.
How do government policies affect settlement patterns?
The government’s land policies can also have a lasting effect on settlement patterns. Today many city governments enforce zoning rules, controlling the growth of settlements by allowing people to live in some areas but not others.
How do political settlements affect statebuilding and peacebuilding?
Political settlements can often be the primary factor in determining the success or failure of statebuilding and peacebuilding efforts. Political settlements in conflict-affected and fragile areas are almost always exclusionary, and are often unstable.
What is settlement in political science?
An elite pact, settlement or political settlement is an agreement or understanding between political elites which moderates the violence and winner takes all nature of unrestrained conflict. Such settlements are often understood to transform government from an autocratic mode into more pluralistic, democratic form.
What are the political factors?
Broadly speaking, political factors are those driven by government actions and policies. They include, but are not limited to, considerations like: Corporate taxation. Other fiscal policy initiatives.
How does economic factors affect settlement?
Economic factors, including household income and home ownership, have a significant positive correlation with settlement intentions, while social characteristics such as social integration and social identification also have a positive correlation with the settlement intentions of new-generation migrants.
Why are political factors important?
Political decisions affect the economic environment. Political decisions influence the country's socio-cultural environment. Politicians can influence the rate of emergence of new technologies. Politicians can influence acceptance of new technologies.
What is the definition of political impact?
a of, involved in, or relating to government policy-making as distinguished from administration or law. b of or relating to the civil aspects of government as distinguished from the military. 3 of, dealing with, or relating to politics.
What factors affect settlement?
Climatic, Economic, Physical, and Traditional Factors In order to better categorize which factors ultimately affect settlement, geographers have generally accepted four umbrella terms to describe these elements: climatic, economic, physical, and traditional.
How does environment affect settlement?
Natural factors such as terrain, rivers and sunlight influence the construction of settlements at both regional and local levels. This gives settlements certain characteristics of distribution, scale, hierarchy and morphology.
What factors influence human settlement?
Some of the factors that have positive influence on developing a human settlement are water supply, flat and arable land, protection, shelter from weather, bridging point, crossroad – intersection of roads, while land that floods, marshy or steep land, no protection, no building or water supply, may be considered to be ...
What are the political factors in pestle?
1. Political factors in PESTLE Analysis. Political factors include tax policy, environmental regulations, trade restrictions and reform, tariffs, and also political stability. These factors determine the extent to which a government may influence an industry or a company.
What are the political factors of social change?
Laws regarding child marriage, widow remarriage, divorce, inheritance and succession, untouchability are some of the examples which have brought many changes in the social structure of Indian society. The type of political leadership and individuals in power also influences the rate and direction of social change.
What is the example of political environment?
Definition of the political environment It can refer to the central, regional government, government agencies, independent government institutions such as Bank Indonesia and the Financial Services Authority.
What are the 5 environmental factors?
Air, water, climate, soil, natural vegetation and landforms are all environmental factors. By definition, the environmental factors affect everyday living, and play a key role in bringing health differences across the geographic areas.
What is political settlements analysis?
ESID experts Tim Kelsall and Sam Hickey provide a clear and essential guide to political settlements analysis. What is it and why should you be interested?
What different political settlements are there?
Taken together these dimensions create a 2×2 matrix, with four different ‘types’ of political settlement: ‘broad-dispersed’, ‘broad-concentrated’, ‘narrow-dispersed’ and ‘narrow-concentrated’. The typology complements previous typologies that focused mainly on the question of state capability, supplementing them with insights into elite commitment.
What is the difference between a concentrated and dispersed configuration?
In concentrated configurations, the top leadership can dictate terms to other groups in the polity; decision-making can be quicker and implementation more predictable (which doesn’t necessarily mean that the outcomes will be better). In dispersed configurations, the top leadership cannot dictate terms: decision-making is more likely to be characterised by bargaining, horse-trading and struggle, with implementation less straightforward also.
What is a group that is repressed or marginalised?
Groups that are repressed or marginalised are ‘outsiders’, forced to acquiesce or not strong enough to overturn the settlement. In ESID terminology, the larger the share of the powerful population that is co-opted, the broader the social foundation.
What is the ESID model?
Building on the work of Mushtaq Khan, Brian Levy and others, ESID’s new model categorises countries’ political settlements according to two dimensions. First is the ‘social foundation’, which captures the demography of power. Second is the ‘power configuration’, which captures power’s geometry.
How do elites respond to groups?
Governing elites can respond to these groups in two basic ways: co-optation, or repression. Groups who are co-opted receive benefits and are settlement ‘insiders’. Groups that are repressed or marginalised are ‘outsiders’, forced to acquiesce or not strong enough to overturn the settlement.
What is the meaning of configuration of power?
The configuration of power describes how power is arranged and organised within a state.
Why is analysis of political settlements important?
Analysis of political settlements was also identified as an important vehicle to enable more legitimate peace processes, to address localised insecurities and to encourage accountability.
What did the pragmatists characterize as a result of horse trading?
The pragmatists amongst us characterised political settlements as ‘coercive and patriarchal’, and the result of ‘horse-trading ’ whereby ‘exclusionary’ deals were made ‘under the table’.
What is the purpose of political settlement?
One person noted that they should ‘ideally promote more stability and social justice’, whilst another argued that: a political settlement should be ‘a legitimate process of negotiation between power holders …leading to power sharing, forgiveness, reconciliation, security and peace’ .
What is political settlement research?
The Political Settlements Research Programme is a four-year research programme, undertaken by a North-South Consortium, led by the University of Edinburgh. This article reflects insights gained from our first yearly internal learning session. These will share and test emerging findings and their practical application in Conciliation Resources programme contexts.
Is a positive political settlement a change of political system?
Interestingly, whilst some felt a positive political settlement would herald a ‘change of political system’ there was an acknowledgement that even more accountable and representative political settlements would ‘not always be inclusive’.
Why is climate important for settlement?
One of the most basic factors affecting settlement patterns is the physical geography of the land. Climate is key, because if a place is too dry, too cold or too hot, it’s more difficult for large numbers of people to settle there, especially if they make their living from farming. The land itself is important too because some types of soil are much better for agriculture than others, or they support different types of crops. Though modern transportation allows people to settle farther from where their food is farmed, places with wet, mild climates are still more densely populated than places that are very dry or very cold.
How did the settlements of the 1800s affect the world?
Settlement patterns have always been affected by the technology available to settlers, and especially by methods of transportation. In the past, when boats were the best way to transport goods and people, most major settlements were located next to the sea or rivers. In fact, the world’s biggest cities today are still located next to water, though transportation technology has allowed inland regions to be populated too. In the 1800s, the American West and other parts of the world saw settlements spring up along the newly built railroads, and today highways and roads form an even bigger factor.
What is the pattern of settlement?
Settlement patterns are the ways in which human settlements are distributed across the earth’s land, including the locations of cities, towns and even individual homes. Where people settle is determined by a wide range of factors related to both nature and human society.
Why did settlers come to cities?
Historically, settlers often came in search of places to start farms, and later they came to cities to look for jobs.
How are settlements influenced by climate?
Settlements are influenced by a number of factors for instance, soil, climate, and area of smooth or rugged terrain. In some cases, settlements are likely to be dispersed especially where there are hills, this is common in parts of Britain, France and other parts of Western and North-western Europe. In parts of Eastern Nigeria, the relief is generally smooth, but settlements are not concentrated, the nature of soil is dry, wet or marshy and these affect the location of settlements. For example, in dry areas like desert, concentration could be in Oasis especially in North Africa; the Nile valley in Egypt. Demangeon proposed that where there is abundance of water, people tend to settle more there and the likely pattern will be disperse. This assertion is true in the case of the Nile and Tunisia, in humid areas, the assertion is not true for instance Eastern Nigeria, there is very little relationship between hydrology and settlements and the likely pattern is dispersed.
What did Demangeon propose?
Demangeon proposed that where there is abundance of water, people tend to settle more there and the likely pattern will be disperse . This assertion is true in the case of the Nile and Tunisia, in humid areas, the assertion is not true for instance Eastern Nigeria, there is very little relationship between hydrology and settlements and ...
What is a bridging point?
Bridging- points – settlements have tended to grow where routes had to cross river, initially where the river was hallow enough to be forded and later where the site was suitable for a bridge to be built upon in e.g Tyne.
What was the ideal location for early settlements?
Food supply – the ideal location of early settlements was in an area that was suitable for both the rearing of animals and the growing of crops- such as the scarps and vales of southeast England. The quality and quantity of farm produce often depended upon climate and soil fertility and type.
What resources did settlements have?
Availability resource – settlements also grew in places with access to specific local resources such as salt (Nantwich, Cheshire), iron ore coal. Etc.
Why was it important to build settlements close to a supply of stones, clay, woods and robes?
Availability of building materials – materials were heavy and bulky to move over a long distance and as transport was poorly developed , it was important to build settlements close to a supply of stones, clay, woods and robes.
Why were port sites important?
Port sites were also important on many navigable rivers for instance, Montreal on the St Lawrence) and large lakes (the great Lakes in North America). Availability of land for agricultural activities; The areas which have fertile land attract people to settle there while infertile land make people move away from it.
Why is Nike so successful?
Studies show that Nike has earned high profits from the growth orientated policies of US government. The policies maintained low-interest rates. Currency exchange stability and internationally competitive tax arrangements were also maintained. The company has also benefited from government initiatives in terms of transparency in the global value chain.
Why is it important to observe the political environment?
Firms should track their political environment. Change in the political factors can affect business strategy because of the following reasons: The stability of a political system can affect the appeal of a particular local market.
How does politics affect business?
The political factors affecting business are often given a lot of importance. Several aspects of government policy can affect business. All firms must follow the law. Managers must find how upcoming legislations can affect their activities.
How does the political situation of a country affect its economic setting?
The political situation of a country affects its economic setting. The economic environment affects the business performance . For example, there are major differences in Democratic and Republican policies in the US. This influences factors like taxes and government spending, which ultimately affect the economy.
What are the effects of political factors on business?
There are 4 main effects of these political factors on business organizations. They are: Impact on economy. Changes in regulation. Political stability. Mitigation of risk.
How do political decisions affect the economy?
Political decisions affect the economic environment. Political decisions influence the country’s socio-cultural environment. Politicians can influence the rate of emergence of new technologies. Politicians can influence acceptance of new technologies. The political environment is perhaps among the least predictable elements in ...
What is cyclical political environment?
A cyclical political environment develops, as democratic governments have to pursue re-election every few years. This external element of business includes the effects of pressure groups. Pressure groups tend to change government policies. As political systems in different areas vary, the political impact differs.
What is the most negative thing about politics?
As a result of this, other leaders don’t get a chance. This serves as impartiality in Politics which is a very negative point.
Why is politics important?
In any country, Politics are a major part of its development and history. Without a well organized political system, a country is unlikely to develop and stand through the challenges that surround its progress. Political leaders and motivators are the some of the important persons that run and maintain a political system of a country. Being an important part of a country, it needs to be very well focused towards the nation’s progress and the betterment of its people.
What is corruption in politics?
Thanks to the politics, it has been quite deep rooted in the present culture. This is nothing but a result of negative politics when leaders try to use politics as a reason to draw in all the money for themselves.
What is the worst negative effect of politics?
Power to the powerful – Politics is the dirt land where the powerful holds all the power and the common man holds all the sufferings. Politicians and people belonging to strong political backgrounds and families hold all the power and can most likely make anything happen. Amidst all of this, the common man is bound to suffer. This is one of the worst negative effect of the politics.
Why don't people and politicians mix?
No general participation – It can be very well seen that people and politicians never interact apart from the time of elections. Being a negative thing, this is also the most obvious reasons why people and politicians do not mix. There’s no sharing of ideas or insights and both are unaware of each other’s actions or needs.
What is the positive effect of the political system?
A very positive effect of the political system has been that it has brought the concept of democracy in our world. It is undoubtedly the best form of government which brings fairness of choices to every one alike.
Why is democracy important?
Democracy – One of the very important reasons that we’re even concerned about the political system is the Democracy. Democracy can be defined as a form of government which is being followed presently. In the earlier times, it was Aristocracy that followed. A very positive effect of the political system has been that it has brought the concept of democracy in our world. It is undoubtedly the best form of government which brings fairness of choices to every one alike.
What are the consequences of political changes in human resources?
The major fallouts of political changes to human resource management include: Concerns of low wages and the withdrawal of hard fought benefits. Companies relocating to cheaper third world countries, or outsourcing to cut costs.
What is the role of the political environment in an organization?
The political environment of an enterprise has a direct bearing on the political context or the political climate under which the human resource management of an organization functions.
What are the demands of employees and trade unions?
Demands from employees and trade unions include retaining of protections guaranteed by various legislations and by convention over the years, maintaining equitable employment standards, and pay equity. The major challenge for human resource is reconciling these employee demands with the economic imperatives of the business.
What are the drivers of political climate?
The key drivers of a political climate include the extent of external regulations, nature of work contracts, various labor legislations and case laws, to name a few . Such factors remain ever changing, and as such, the political atmosphere of human resource management remains in a constant change of flux.
What is political change in human resource management?
In the human resource management context, such political change suggests the market or economic conditions replacing the hitherto prevalent regulated welfare-oriented approach as the major factor governing employer-employee relationships. The changes brought about by the shift in political climate include:
Why do governments use supply side economics?
Since the 1980s most governments have adopted a “supply side economics” as the means to ensure growth and creation of wealth. The underlying principle of supply side economics is a free run for market forces. The justification for such a move are the challenges poised by globalization and a free-market economy along with the realization that protectionism created bloated companies that are unable to compete at a global level.
Is there a trend toward lesser regulatory interference in the employee-employer relationship?
Paradoxically, while the trend is toward lesser regulatory interference in the employee-employer relationship, the growing diversity in the workforce has resulted in a greater awareness about the need to respect cross-cultural sensitivities, and providing reasonable accommodation for people with disabilities; and much of the case laws in recent years has focused on such aspects.
