what direction did spanish and mining settlements diffuse

When did the Spanish settle in North America?

Settlement in the Americas, ca. 1600. Although the crowns asserted sovereignty over great expanses of territory, this modern map shows the sparseness of actual European settlement in dark blue. Spanish historical presence, claimed territories, points of interest and expeditions in North America.

How did the Spanish explore and settle in Spain?

Spanish Exploration and Settlement. Motivated by visions of huge profits, adventurers were willing to take risks in searching for trade routes to previously unknown lands. At that time, the only way for Europeans to reach the Far East was to sail south along the west coast of Africa and then east into the Indian Ocean.

What did the Spaniards find in Mexico?

In Mexico the Spaniards found advanced civilizations that had perfected sophisticated architectural and agricultural techniques. They also discovered an abundance of gold and silver, which enticed other Spanish conquistadors (conquerors) to mount expeditions to the continent.

How did the Spanish conquests of Mexico affect the indigenous populations?

The Spanish conquest of Yucatán, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations.

How were the missions and mining settlements distributed?

How were the missions and mining settlements distributed? Missions are down the West coast and so are the mining settlements but those are further east than the mines. What were the dominant language is used for Trinidad's place names?

Where were the French settlements concentrated?

France established colonies in much of eastern North America, on a number of Caribbean islands, and in South America. Most colonies were developed to export products such as fish, rice, sugar, and furs.

What language was used for place names in Eastern Canada?

FrenchHow are regional place names in the Americas tied to colonization? [Eastern Canada has French top- onyms. The American Southwest has Spanish toponyms. West Indies has French, Dutch, and British names.]

What major cultural factor influenced place names in California?

The influence of the Spanish settlers of the 18th and 19th centuries is evident in California's architecture and place-names.

Why did Spain and France establish colonies in the Americas?

Spain colonized America because they were searching for gold and silver. They did find a lot of gold and silver when they conquered the Aztec and Inca Empires. France colonized North America because of the great amount of furs they found there.

Why did Spain colonize America?

Motivations for colonization: Spain's colonization goals were to extract gold and silver from the Americas, to stimulate the Spanish economy and make Spain a more powerful country. Spain also aimed to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

Is Ontario a native word?

The word “Ontario” comes from the Iroquois word “kanadario”, meaning “sparkling” water. The province is well named, since lakes and rivers make up one-fifth of its area. In 1641, “Ontario” described the land along the north shore of the easternmost part of the Great Lakes.

Is Toronto an indigenous word?

The name Toronto is derived from the Mohawk word tkaronto, which means “where there are trees standing in the water.” (See also Largest Cities in Canada With an Indigenous Name.)

Is Quebec a native name?

Quebec. The name “Quebec” comes from the Algonquin word for “narrow passage” or “strait”. It was first used to describe the narrowing of the St. Lawrence River near what is now the City of Québec.

What does the name California mean?

The name California is primarily a female name of Spanish origin that means Hot Furnace Or Mythical Land. California is a name of a U.S. state. There are many theories on how it was named or why, but most likely it's derived from the Old Spanish "Calit Fornay" meaning hot furnace.

How many different cultures are in California?

California's wealth lies in the diversity of its land and people. Our cultural heritage is derived from at least 300 indigenous tribal groups and explorers and immigrants from many continents, including '49ers seeking gold and settlers seeking a new life.

Why does California have so many Spanish names?

This was over half of the landmass of Mexico, gone in an instant. Tough blow for a new country! When the United States took over all of its new territory in the west, many of the Spanish names stuck. That is why the names of all of the major cities in California are in Spanish.

Where did the French settle in America quizlet?

In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, on the St. Lawrence River in Canada. Quebec was the first French settlement in North America.

Where was the first French settlement in America?

Starting in the 1540's, the French settled far to the north of the Spanish in the St. Lawrence Valley. In 1541, Jacques Cartier founded the first French settlement in the New World at Fort Charlesbourg-Royal. In 1543, it was abandoned and burned to prevent re-use by the Spanish.

Where did French immigrants settle in America?

Early French migrants have traditionally settled in Northeastern regions of New England, as well as in Louisiana; both regions still have well-established French American communities. Newly arrived migrants, however, settle largely in urban areas, particularly in New York or California.

What did France focus on in the New World?

The French were primarily interested in establishing commercially viable colonial outposts, so they created extensive trading networks throughout New France. They relied on native hunters to harvest furs, especially beaver pelts, and to exchange these items for French goods, like glass beads.

What was the Spanish expansion?

The Spanish expansion has sometimes been succinctly summed up as "gold, glory, God." The search for material wealth, the enhancement of the conquerors' and the crown's position, and the expansion of Christianity. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions ( entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. Virtually all expeditions after the Columbus voyages, which were funded by the crown of Castile, were done at the expense of the leader of the expedition and its participants. Although often the participants, conquistadors, are now termed “soldiers”, they were not paid soldiers in ranks of an army, but rather soldiers of fortune, who joined an expedition with the expectation of profiting from it. The leader of an expedition, the adelantado was a senior with material wealth and standing who could persuade the crown to issue him a license for an expedition. He also had to attract participants to the expedition who staked their own lives and meager fortunes on the expectation of the expedition’s success. The leader of the expedition pledged the larger share of capital to the enterprise, which in many ways functioned as a commercial firm. Upon the success of the expedition, the spoils of war were divvied up in proportion to the amount a participant initially staked, with the leader receiving the largest share. Participants supplied their own armor and weapons, and those who had a horse received two shares, one for himself, the second recognizing the value of the horse as a machine of war. For the conquest era, two names of Spaniards are generally known because they led the conquests of high indigenous civilizations, Hernán Cortés, leader of the expedition that conquered the Aztecs of Central Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro, leader of the conquest of the Inca in Peru.

What was the result of the Spanish American wars of independence?

In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the secession and subsequent division of most Spanish territories in the Americas, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were lost to the United States in 1898, following the Spanish–American War.

What was the Spanish empire's territory?

Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and gaining control over more territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America.

What was the Spanish colony of the Americas?

e. The Spanish colonization of the Americas began under the Crown of Castile, and was spearheaded by the Spanish conquistadors. The Americas were invaded and incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil, British America, and some small regions in South America and the Caribbean. The crown created civil and religious structures ...

Why did the Jesuits resist the Crown?

The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. The bishop challenged the Jesuits' continuing to hold Indian parishes and function as priests without the required royal licenses. His fall from power is viewed as an example of the weakening of the crown in the mid-seventeenth century since it failed to protect their duly appointed bishop. The crown expelled the Jesuits from Spain and The Indies in 1767 during the Bourbon Reforms .

Where was the debate held in the Spanish colony of Valladolid?

Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World.

When was Venezuela first visited?

Venezuela. Venezuela was first visited by Europeans during the 1490s, when Columbus was in control of the region, and the region as a source for indigenous slaves for Spaniards in Cuba and Hispaniola, since the Spanish destruction of the local indigenous population.

Why did the Spanish travel through Kansas?

Because they followed the Arkansas River, many of these expeditions came through this area of Kansas. These journeys pioneered the route that William Becknell would later use in 1821 to open up the Santa Fe Trade. They started out from the area now known as New Mexico and by 1821, the year Becknell opened the Santa Fe Trail, there was hardly a place on the Great Plains that had not been explored by the Spanish.

Why did Spain send a series of military expeditions to explore the Great Plains?

Motivated by “God, Gold and Glory” Spain sent a series of military expeditions to explore the Great Plains beginning in 1541. Converting Indians would bring glory to the converter in an age that related everything to religion, but the real draw was finding wealth in the fantastic, mythical kingdoms that always seemed to lie to the west, ...

When did Melgares arrive in the valley?

He arrived in the valley in January of 1807, where New Mexican soldiers briefly detained him for trespassing. In 1806, Melgares went with 105 soldiers, 400 militiamen and 100 Indians to search the plains for these foreign intruders into New Mexico.

Who killed Leyva and Guitiérrez?

Their journey took them near present-day Wichita, Kansas before tragedy struck the group. The two leaders fought with each, and eventually Guitiérrez murdered Leyva. Shortly after that the remaining soldiers were attacked by Plains Indians who killed everyone but one Indian servant.

Where did the Santa Fe Trail take place?

He sent back all but 30 of his men and used Texas Indians as guides from that point on. They would eventually reach a village of grass covered huts near Lyons, Kansas, which Coronado named Quivira. Most of the route Coronado used on his return to New Mexico would later become the Santa Fe Trail.

When did the Santa Fe Trail start?

They started out from the area now known as New Mexico and by 1821 , the year Becknell opened the Santa Fe Trail, there was hardly a place on the Great Plains that had not been explored by the Spanish. Now we will speak of the plains.

Where did Baca go?

Baca, along with “some men” left Santa Fe and traveled as far as Quivira, mostly using the route of the future Santa Fe Trail. Hostile Indians forced him to return but not before reaching a large river that some people believe was the Mississippi.

What was the Patronato Real?

The Patronato Real, or Royal Patronage, was a series of papal bills constructed in the 15th and early 16th Century that set the secular relationship between the Spanish Crown and the Catholic Church , effectively pronouncing the Spanish King’s control over the Church in the Americas. It clarified the Crown’s responsibility to promote the conversion of the indigenous Americans to Catholicism, as well as total authority over the Church, educational, and charitable institutions. It authorized the Crown’s control over the Church’s tithe income, the tax levied on agricultural production and livestock, and the sustenance of the ecclesiastical hierarchies, physical facilities, and activities. It provided the Crown with the right to approve or veto Papel dispatches to the Americas, to ensure their adherence to the Patronato Real. It determined the founding of churches, convents, hospitals, and schools, as well as the appointment and payment of secular clergy.

Why did the clergy use indigenous religions?

Therefore, in many instances, the clergy used indigenous religions to gain trust and legitimacy. In fact, many members of the clergy learned indigenous languages so they could be more accessible and understandable to those wanted to convert. They even selected indigenous languages to be used as linga franca in areas that had linguistic diversity. In New Spain, which is modern-day Mexico and Central America, the friars taught Nahuatl to indigenous Americans who had not spoken it prior, as a way of establishing a common language. They translated hymns, prayers, and religious texts into Nahuatl to make Catholicism more widely spread and understood. The clergy in Peru used Quechua and Aymara in similar ways.

Why did the Catholic Church want to redeem the souls of the indigenous Americans?

Missionaries themselves were motivated by the desire to construct the Americas as the site of pure Christianity. Many clergy ventured to the Americas to preach what they felt was a purer form of Christianity, and to redeem the souls of the indigenous peoples.

Where were the Franciscan missionaries sent?

The Franciscan missionaries were split evenly and sent to Mexico, Texcoco, and Tlaxcala. In addition to their primary goal of spreading Christianity, the missionaries studied the native languages, taught children to read and write, and taught adults trades such as carpentry and ceramics.

Why did the native population drop drastically with the introduction of Spanish missions?

Epidemics in missions. With resistance and revolts, the native population dropped drastically with the introduction of Spanish missions. However, the main factor for the overwhelming losses were due to epidemics in the missions.

How did missions help the Spanish Empire?

The missions facilitated the expansion of the Spanish empire through the religious conversion of the indigenous peoples occupying those areas. While the Spanish crown dominated the political, economic, and social realms of the Americas and people indigenous to the region, the Catholic Church dominated the religious and spiritual realm.

What was the Spanish-Moro conflict?

Spanish–Moro conflict. Spanish American wars of independence. Casta. Mexican Independence War. v. t. e. The Spanish missions in the Americas were Catholic missions established by the Spanish Empire during the 16th to 19th centuries in the period of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.

What were the missions of Spain?

Throughout the colonial period, the missions Spain established would serve several objectives. The first would be to convert natives to Christianity . The second would be to pacify the areas for colonial purposes . A third objective was to acculturate the natives to Spanish cultural norms so that they could move from mission status to parish status as full members of the congregation. Mission status made participating natives wards of the State instead of citizens of the empire. Aside from spiritual conquest through religious conversion, Spain hoped to pacify areas that held extractable natural resources such as iron, tin, copper, salt, silver, gold, hardwoods, tar and other such resources, which could then be exploited by investors. The missionaries hoped to create a utopian society in the wilderness.

What was the Patronage of the Indies?

To assure that the missionaries would be able to sustain themselves, the king of Spain established the Patronato Real de las Indias (Royal Patronage of the Indies) which supported the Spanish Crown's absolute control over ecclesiastical matters within the empire. The Spanish king and his council approved missionaries to go to the Americas, directed the geographic location of missions and allocated funds for each projected enterprise. Under the Patronato Real, which also governed appointments of Church officials to high office, some viceroys in Mexico and Peru were also archbishops, further cementing the Church-State alliance in a common cause. The missions served as agencies of the Church and State to spread the faith to natives and also to pacify them for the State's aims. By intermingling religion, politics and economics, the Patronato Real formed a large archival record of exploration, settlement, missionary activity, ethnographic data, and extraction of raw resources.

Why are Spanish missions important?

Spanish colonial missions in North America are significant because so many were established and they had lasting effects on the cultural landscape. Their legacy is firmly a part of our national story and patrimony, and it highlights the common heritage the United States shares with Spain, Mexico and Latin America.

Why did the scheduled plan of conversion not work well?

The scheduled plan of conversion did not work well due to Indian resistance to the rigors of the missions. In the long run, arguing that the natives were imperfectly converted because they reverted to their spiritual ways in secret, friars proposed that missions be extended another decade.

What resources did Spain want to pacify?

Aside from spiritual conquest through religious conversion, Spain hoped to pacify areas that held extractable natural resources such as iron, tin, copper, salt, silver, gold, hardwoods, tar and other such resources, which could then be exploited by investors.

Why are soldiers needed in Indian missions?

Soldiers are necessary to defend the Indian from the enemy, and to keep an eye on the mission Indians, now to encourage them, now to carry news to the nearest presidio in case of trouble. For the spiritual and temporal progress of the missions two soldiers are needed...especially in new conversions.

What is the significance of Spanish colonial missions?

The Significance of Spanish Colonial Missions in our National Story and our Common Heritage with Spain, Mexico and Latin America. Living history reenactors dressed in 16th-century period clothing are a highlight of the annual Cabrillo Festival.

What was Kino's mission?

He brought improvements in agriculture to the native population including the introduction of wheat to the New World.

What was Spain's master plan for defense and control of the vast area they occupied?

Spain’s master plan for defense and control of the vast area they occupied was to establish a network of missions and presidios from Mexico City, across the Sonoran Desert and up the Pacific coast as far as Monterey. What was needed was an overland supply link to tie them altogether.

When is the Mexican fiesta?

A fiesta is held each year on the first full weekend in December at which crafts and food from O’odham, Yaqui, Apache and Mexican cultures are on display. When Father Kino established Tumacácori in 1691, the nearby Piman village at Tubac became a farm and ranch for the mission.

What did Father Kino do after his death?

Following Father Kino’s death a succession of Jesuit priests continued his work in the missions.

How many pages are in a print edition of Magcloud magazine?

Print Edition 32-page magazine to take along on your trip. Click below to order from Magcloud—$15 plus shipping.

What did the Spanish explorers mistakenly believe?

Early explorers had mistakenly believed that California was an island and the territory between the Rio Grande and Colorado Rivers was a blank on their maps.

Who replaced the Jesuits in 1767?

In 1767 the Jesuits were replaced by Franciscan missionaries, most notably Francisco Garces who arrived at San Xavier del Bac in 1768. Within six months he had explored most of southwestern Arizona. Under the Franciscans, the mission churches at Tumacacori and San Xavier were built. Tumacacori was never actually completed and was final abandoned in 1848. San Xavier is an active mission to this day serving the Tohono O’odham people.

Overview

Imperial expansion

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19th century

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