Remediation is the act of correcting an error or stopping something bad from happening. When a company that polluted takes steps to clean up the water supply, this is an example of remediation. What are the first signs of a sinkhole? Fresh cracks in the foundations of houses and buildings. Cracks in interior walls. Cracks in the ground outside.
Full Answer
What is geotechnical settlement of soil?
The geotechnical settlement of soil occurs when the stresses within it change (for example, when an excessive load is applied to the surface or the ground is excavated to make tunnels). Soil settlement can have catastrophic consequences, such as the collapse of structures supported by the ground.
What is subsidence and settlement in geotechnical engineering?
Ground Settlement and subsidence. In geotechnical engineering , settlement is defined as the vertical movement of the ground, generally caused be changes in stresses within the earth. Subsidence is a term often used to described ‘caving in’ or sinking of the ground, that may not be associated within changes in soil stresses.
What causes settlement during an earthquake?
Ground settlement. Lowering of the ground surface, known as subsidence or settling, often occurs during an earthquake. Common causes of ground subsidence during an earthquake include consolidation or failure of the ground under a foundation, densification of sand and gravel layers due to the ground shaking and liquefaction. Settlement caused by...
What is geotechnical Foundation remediation?
Geotechnical exploration and investigation works are key in the foundation remediation in order to find the cause of differential settlements. The optimal method of foundation structure remediation is defined based on the specific cause. The foundation remediation can be realized by applying several technologies, the most commonly used being:
What does ground settlement mean?
Foundation settlement happens when soil shifts beneath a home and it is a serious deal for a homeowner, and often requires that swift action be taken to prevent structural damage from occurring to the home.
What causes ground settlement?
What Causes Settlement of Soils? Settlement occurs from soil consolidation due to a reduction in voids or spaces between soil particles due to applied loads or changes in moisture content. The loss of moisture in soils causes consolidation.
What is an acceptable settlement for foundations?
The industry standard is 1 inch of differential settlement in 20 feet. Anything greater than this can be considered too much.
How do you prevent ground settlement?
Install drainage ditches or drain pipes to prevent soil settlement in areas. If water has a path to follow, it is less likely to erode land areas. Create small mounds of soil in between plant rows to keep soil from shifting or settling due to a slope in the field.
How do I stop foundation settlement?
How to Prevent Foundation Damage so You can Save Time and MoneyClean Gutters and Spouts. ... Gently Sloped Landscaping. ... Install Drains Where Needed. ... Smarten Your Sprinkler System. ... Keep Root Plants Away From the House. ... Low-Water Flowers Near the Foundation. ... A Few Inches of Mulch. ... Repair Cracks Immediately.
What is ground settlement in construction?
Introduction. Settlement is the downward movement of the ground caused by a load consolidating the soil below it or causing displacement of the soil. Settlement often refers to the downward movement of the ground around an excavated space, such as that for tunnels, shafts, or basements.
When should you walk away from foundation issues?
The most glaring issue has to deal with the foundation. When to walk away from foundation issues? Horizontal or diagonal cracks measuring more than 1/4 of an inch is a good reason to walk away.
When should I worry about house foundation?
10 Warning Signs of Foundation ProblemsExterior Cracks. ... Interior Sheetrock Cracks. ... Doors Out of Square and Uneven Floors. ... Door Frame/Window Frame Separation from Brick. ... Rotten Wood – Pier & Beams. ... Bouncing floors – Rotten Wood. ... Tile Cracks. ... Expansion Joint Seperation.More items...•
What is the best foundation repair method?
1. Steel Piers. This is the foundation repair that most structural engineers will recommend for your home. This is a solid and proven method of stabilizing a foundation that has started to shift or sink into unstable ground.
What causes the most damage to structural foundations?
Soil movement beneath a home's foundation is the leading cause of structural damages.
How are settlements calculated?
13:2451:58Mod-01 Lec-11 Shallow Foundation - Settlement Calculation - I - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipSoil layer NCC is equal to compression. Index. So either we can use this expression to calculate theMoreSoil layer NCC is equal to compression. Index. So either we can use this expression to calculate the consolidation settlement.
Which of the following are symptoms of settlement?
Signs of Foundation SettlementFoundation Cracks, dry wall cracks, and other types of fractures. ... Doors that don't open and close properly. ... Sagging or uneven floors. ... Actual foundation sinking.
What are the four causes of foundation movement?
Foundation movement is caused by changing soil conditions, hydrostatic pressure, structural instability of footers or piers, invasive tree roots and poor exterior drainage management.
Which factors affect the human settlement?
Factors can be push or pull....Physical FeaturesBody of water (transportation routes, water for drinking and farming)Flat land (easy to build)Fertile soil (for crops)Forests (timber and housing)
What are the major problems caused by building settlement?
However, excessive structural settling could lead to serious problems. Small amounts of building settlements might only produce tiny cracks and creaking sounds. If it becomes more severe, it could compromise the structure, harm plumbing systems, or prevent windows from working properly.
What are the effects of settlement?
The impact of human settlements on the environment increases with population growth, settlement expansion, economic growth and increased consumption. All indications are that the impact of human settlements on environmental resources is increasing.
What slope is the moving target on?
The moving targets fall on a gently inclined (∼5°) part of a southeast-facing slope, within the middle part of an old, deep earth slide ( Mossa et al., 2005 ). The failed slope has been subjected to stabilization works and currently does not present any obvious signs of instability. However, inclinometer borehole monitoring conducted since 2008 indicated the presence of extremely slow displacements (up to 15 mm/year) occurring in the central portion of the slide at a depth of a few tens of meters (F. Santaloia, CNR-IRPI, unpublished data).
Where is the MTI target in Bovino?
They reported a cluster of extremely slow (6–7 mm/year) radar targets in the southern periphery of the town of Bovino, on a slope affected by an old landslide. This outcome is reproduced in Figure 11.9, which, in addition, includes the displacement results obtained from the ENVISAT descending imagery.
How to determine optimal architecture?
The optimal architecture is established by testing different configurations giving priority to configurations with a reduced number of hidden layers and nodes because several hidden layers could lead to overfitting.
Why are soils bad for construction?
Mechanical properties of soil are mostly undesirable for construction purposes in many parts of the world due to their unstable structure and low mechanical strength. These soils may undergo some unexpected collapse due to some environmental factors. For example, freeze/thaw cycles and overload pressures create some geotechnical problems like landslides, ground settlement, and surface cracks that may lead to failure of human-made infrastructure. Normally some buildings, railways, roads and some monuments may require maintenance and repair because of the loose properties of soil. The strength and stiffness of the loose sediments may be reduced due to earthquake which is harmful to the rest of the soil structure (Jalili et al., 2018; Li et al., 2015 ).
How to simulate segmental lining?
To simulate the process of stepwise segmental lining installation, the construction of each tunnel is executed within two steps. First, an excavation step in which the soil medium within the first tunnel area is removed, and a support pressure is applied to imitate the transient process after installing the lining segments, but before the grout pressure has reached its final stiffness. The relaxation factor λ is set to 0.25, that is, the internal support pressure is reduced to a fraction of 0.25 of the previous in situ stress level ( Potts & Zdravković, 2001 ). In the next step, the internal pressure is removed, and the lining segments are installed without any further support. They are modeled as linear-elastic material with a normal stiffness of 10,389 kN/m and a bending stiffness of 77,918 kNm 2 /m. After the installation of the left tunnel is completed, the procedure is repeated for the right one. The surrounding soil material is modeled using the well-known Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model that assumes a linear elastic and perfect plastic behavior by applying the Coulomb failure criterion. The subsoil is defined with properties typical for dense silty sand following lognormal distribution ( μE = 70, 000 kPa, σE = 7,000 kPa, μΦ = 35 degrees, μC = 5 kPa, σC = 0.25 kPa).
What is the limit state of GX?
We consider the limit state of Gx = Su − Sx ( x ), where Su and Sx ( x) are the admissible and the calculated (given a random set of variables x) intended system response, respectively. According to Straub (2011), we may consider the likelihood function as
Why is it better to build the upper tunnel first or lower?
The reason is the upper tunnel induces relatively larger strains in the soil than the lower tunnel. Therefore, it is best to construct the upper tunnel first while planning the construction sequence of piggyback, perpendicular crossing and offset arrangement twin tunnels. Nevertheless, construction sequence remains a matter of discussion during the planning phase of twin tunnel construction projects since it tends to be strongly influenced by the particulars of the site and project.
What is it called when the center of a foundation settles further than the edges?
Where it causes the centre to settle further than the edges, it is known as sagging or dishing (right). Differential settlement can cause an abrupt change in level or cause all corners of the foundation to settle by different amounts. Back to top.
What is uniform settlement?
Uniform settlement occurs when a building foundation settles by the same amount over its entire footprint area, effectively lowering the structure in place. A related effect called tilt settlement occurs when the whole building tilts as a solid box.
What causes ground to subside?
Common causes of ground subsidence during an earthquake include consolidation or failure of the ground under a foundation, densification of sand and gravel layers due to the ground shaking and liquefaction.
What is differential settlement?
In some cases, only part of the foundation is affected by ground failure, or part of the foundation is affected to a greater extent than other parts. This kind of effect is called differential settlement and can cause much more severe damage to a building than uniform or tilt settlement.
What causes a building to displace?
Settlement caused by ground failure can cause buildings to displace, tilt, stretch, twist, buckle or a combination of all five. How badly the building is damaged depends on: the severity of the settlement (related to ground performance and behaviour) the type and strength of the building’s foundations and structure.
How to recognize the potential occurrence of differential settlements?
Leaving out extreme cases like the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the most common sign of differential settlements is the occurrence of cracks on the structure at an angle of 45˚ , usually around the openings (doors, windows). If there is a shift in the soil beneath the structure, or if one part of the structure has foundations on rock and another part on clay or embankment, the result is a change of the state of stress that is transmitted from the foundation to the structure, creating cracks in the walls.
What causes differential settlement and inclination of the Tower?
The main cause of the differential settlement and inclination of the Tower is the increased deformability and compressibility of the foundation soil in the area underneath the southern part of the Tower.
Why did the Leaning Tower of Pisa take two centuries to build?
Because Pisa is built on wetlands, with the geological profile of the soil consisting of clay and fine sand, and is characterized by a high level of groundwater, conditions for the construction of a tall structure have been challenging since the very beginning. The main cause of the differential settlement and inclination of the Tower is the increased deformability and compressibility of the foundation soil in the area underneath the southern part of the Tower. However, differential settlements can cause significant problems for other, lower structures as well, and it is necessary to be familiar with the potential causes in order to eliminate them or at least reduce their effect to an acceptable level.
Why is it important to keep differential settlements in mind when designing foundations?
Considering the possible causes of differential settlements and their impact on the overall stability of structures, it is necessary to keep them in mind when designing the foundation and landscaping, in order to reduce their effect to an acceptable level.
How to prevent differential settlements?
The best way to prevent potential differential settlements is to carry out adequate exploration and investigation works at the location where the structure is planned. By analyzing the results of these investigations, optimal solutions in terms of the type of foundation of the planned structure as well as the possible type of soil improvement can be obtained.
Why is Pisa a tall building?
Because Pisa is built on wetlands, with the geological profile of the soil consisting of clay and fine sand, and is characterized by a high level of groundwater, conditions for the construction of a tall structure have been challenging since the very beginning. The main cause of the differential settlement and inclination ...
What is the settlement of foundations?
Settlement of the foundation structures is a problem that people have faced ever since they first started constructing. The size of a foundation structure settlement is primarily dependent on the weight of the structure and the deformation characteristics of foundation soil. When analyzing this problem, it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of uniform and differential settlements.
Why do people go to mediation?
Mediation helps people gain a better understanding of the underlying interests and how those interests affect how other parties are bargaining and reacting. So even though some cases do not settle during mediation, mediation is a powerful tool to help parties reach a settlement and move forward with their lives. Keeping settlement as the goal will help the parties see the issues and move toward a solution.
Why do mediations happen before trial?
Timing: A mediation will usually happen a reasonable amount of time before a trial because the parties would like to avoid costs and settle early if possible. It also allows the parties to have a better understanding of the case and know how to move forward. A settlement may happen at any point within the case, from its inception to a few days or hours before trial.
How does mediation work?
While each mediator will have a style and way of doing things, there will usually be a day where the parties meet and follow a pattern to determine if there is an agreement to be made. A settlement can happen more organically, with the parties talking to each other or with attorneys trying to help the parties find an agreement. It can also happen over many days or weeks as the parties trade offers.
What does the end of a mediation mean?
Ending: The ending of the mediation will either be an agreement signed by the parties or an agreement that the case will not be settled in this mediation and the parties need to move forward with the trial.
What happens after opening statements?
Caucuses: After opening statements, the bargaining process begins . The mediator will usually separate the parties and ask them about the case. This allows the parties to speak more freely with the mediator, who cannot tell the other party what was said unless given permission. The mediator will also usually have a discussion with each party about the strengths and weaknesses of their case. During this time, parties may suggest offers and have the mediator relay these to the other party.
Why are mediation and settlements important?
While one is a process and the other is a result, both mediation and settlements are helpful tools to determine how the parties may be able to move forward without litigation or trial.
What is a solution in mediation?
Solutions: The mediator will encourage the parties to come up with solutions to the problems. This separates it from arbitration, which includes suggestions or decisions from the neutral. Depending on the mediator’s style, they may suggest solutions to the parties, while other mediators will allow the parties to drive the discussions and solutions. However, in all cases, solutions to the problems presented are sought.
What are environmental costs?
Environmental Costs means costs incurred in connection with acquiring and maintaining all environmental permits and licenses for the Product, and the Product’s compliance with all applicable environmental laws, rules and regulations , including capital costs for pollution mitigation or installation of emissions control equipment required to permit or license the Product, all operating and maintenance costs for operation of pollution mitigation or control equipment, costs of permit maintenance fees and emission fees as applicable, and the costs of all Emission Reduction Credits or Marketable Emission Trading Credits (including any costs related to greenhouse gas emissions) required by any applicable environmental laws, rules, regulations, and permits to operate, and costs associated with the disposal and clean-up of hazardous substances introduced to the site, and the decontamination or remediation, on or off the site, necessitated by the introduction of such hazardous substances on the site.
What is remedial work?
Remedial Work means any investigation, site monitoring, containment, abatement, clean-up, removal, restoration or other remedial work in connection with any Significant Mold, Environmental Laws, or order of or agreement with any Governmental Authority that has or acquires jurisdiction over the Mortgaged Property, or the use, operation or improvement of the Mortgaged Property under any Environmental Law or as recommended in writing by an environmental professional, certified industrial hygienist or person with similar qualifications with respect to Significant Mold.
What is remediation amount?
Remediation Amount means, with respect to an Environmental Condition, the present value as of the Closing Date (using an annual discount rate of ten percent (10%)) of the cost (net to Seller’s interest prior to the consummation of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement) of the most cost-effective Remediation of such Environmental Condition.
What are environmental and safety requirements?
Environmental and Safety Requirements means all federal, state, local and foreign statutes, regulations, ordinances and similar provisions having the force or effect of law, all judicial and administrative orders and determinations, all contractual obligations and all common law concerning public health and safety, worker health and safety and pollution or protection of the environment, including all such standards of conduct and bases of obligations relating to the presence, use, production, generation, handling, transport, treatment, storage, disposal, distribution, labeling, testing, processing, discharge, release, threatened release, control, or cleanup of any hazardous materials, substances or wastes, chemical substances or mixtures, pesticides, pollutants, contaminants, toxic chemicals, petroleum products or by-products, asbestos, polychlorinated biphenyls (or PCBs), noise or radiation.
What is considered environmental law?
Applicable Environmental Law means any federal, state or local law, common law, ordinance, regulation or policy, as well as order, decree, permit, judgment or injunction issued, promulgated, approved, or entered thereunder, relating to the environment, health and safety, or Hazardous Substances (including, without limitation, the use, handling, transportation, production, disposal, discharge or storage thereof) or to industrial hygiene or the environmental conditions on, under, or about any real property owned, leased or operated at any time by any Credit Party or any real property owned, leased or operated by any other party including, without limitation, soil, groundwater, and indoor and ambient air conditions.
What are pre closing environmental liabilities?
Pre-Closing Environmental Liabilities means Liabilities arising out of (a) the ownership or operation of the Business at any time on or prior to the Closing or (b) the ownership, operation or condition of the Leased Real Property or any other real property currently or formerly owned, operated or leased by any member of the Seller Group Related to the Business at any time on or prior to the Closing , in each case to the extent based upon or arising out of (i) Environmental Law, (ii) a failure to obtain, maintain or comply with any Environmental Permit, (iii) a release of any Hazardous Substance, or (iv) the use, generation, storage, transportation, treatment, sale or other off-site disposal of Hazardous Substances.
What is remedial action plan?
Remedial action plan means a work plan for performing remedial action under this part.
Feel bad for a lot of people
I live in a pretty hot real estate market. Homes have gotten just stupid with the price increases.I bought a condo in 04 for 135 and sold it recently for 335.
Watching My Old House Go Up For Sale Again (MA)
We sold our starter home 3 years ago for $175k. It is less than 1,000 square feet, 2 bed, 1 small bath but with a great yard. The house is 100+ years old with a leaky foundation, a mouse problem, incredibly crooked floors, and just needed tons of work that we weren’t willing to do.
FOMO gone bad
A friend of mine that's on the board of an HOA relayed a FOMO saga that ended badly. He lives in a subdivision originally built about 18 years ago near me in California. It's a fairly nice architecturally homogeneous neighborhood consisting of 3 different floor plans.
Potential Tenant Took My Sign So No One Else Would Rent The House
I can not believe this...I had just put the sign up and she came and tore it down and put it in her car ! I had to tell her to give it back and she had ripped it out of the metal holder so now it wont go back in...does she think think I will rent to her after she destroys my property..ok is was just a sign but still
Household mortgage payments at the lowest level in 40 years
As a percentage of household income, Americans now pay less for our mortgages than at any point since 1980. The same holds true for all consumer debt.
Zillow Offers review (will update)
So I like many others have been on this sub looking for feedback on people that have used Zillow Offers. It seems as though most people on here have had pretty decent experiences and I wanted to detail mine. 7/19 I reached out to Zillow Offers online to get a price for my house. I received the first offer of 403k on 7/20.