The Industrial Revolution increased the material wealth of the Western world. It also ended the dominance of agriculture and initiated significant social change. The everyday work environment also changed drastically, and the West became an urban civilization.
Full Answer
How did the Industrial Revolution change the social structure?
Social structure as a result of Industrial Revolution Increase in standard of living eventually resulted from urbanization Gap between wealthy and working class still remained enormous Industrial and urban development made society more diverse and less unified Diversity within middle class
What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on cities?
The Industrial Revolution brought with it an increase in population and urbanization, as well as new social classes The poor living conditions in the towns can be traced to: Lack of good brick, the absence of building codes, and the lack of machinery for public sanitation.
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the preindustrial family?
In the industrializing world, the new means of production meant the demise of earlier, slower modes of labor and life. The most insidious consequences of the new conditions may have been those affecting the most basic social unit: the family. The preindustrial family was fundamentally both a social and an economic unit.
How did the advent of industrial development change the world?
The advent of industrial development revamped patterns of human settlement, labor, and family life. The changes set in motion by industrialization ushered Europe, the United States of America, and much of the world into the modern era.
What were the social and economic changes brought by Industrialisation?
The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization or the movement of people to cities. Changes in farming, soaring population growth, and an ever-increasing demand for workers led masses of people to migrate from farms to cities. Almost overnight, small towns around coal or iron mines mushroomed into cities.
How did the Industrial Revolution change settlement patterns?
The population increase added to the number of people facing difficulties making a living on the land. Many left their agrarian lives behind and headed for towns and cities to find employment. Advances in industry and the growth of factory production accelerated the trend toward urbanization in Britain.
What new social classes emerged out of the Industrial Revolution?
There were essentially three different classes that emerged as a result of industrialization: the working class, the middle class, and the super wealthy.
What was the economic impact of industrialization?
The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work made existing industries more productive and efficient.
What were three positive effects of industrialization?
The Industrial Revolution had many positive effects. Among those was an increase in wealth, the production of goods, and the standard of living. People had access to healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper goods. In addition, education increased during the Industrial Revolution.
Which was a main benefit of industrialization?
Industrialization has been instrumental in the economic development of the world. The process has improved productivity and allowed for mass production, which has increased standards of living.
What was a major social effect of the Industrial Revolution?
What were the social effects of the Industrial Revolutions? It brought rapid urbanization and created a new industrial middle class and industrial working class. It brought material benefits and new opportunities, but also brought great hardships to factory workers and miners, especially women and children.
What economic system was developed in part because of the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution led to a rise in capitalism where means of production, such as factories, shops and farms, are privately owned and are used to make profit.
Which change brought about by industrialization had the greatest impact?
The greatest impact was the change from manual labor to labor done by machines. This allowed a cheaper form of labor.
How did industrialization lead to economic growth?
Industrial developments have historically led to periods of economic growth. New technologies make jobs easier, faster and better, which can lead to an increase in a business' output and an increase in profits. Industrialization in the workforce has many benefits that are more far-reaching as well.
What are the positive and negative effects of industrialization?
It also creates more jobs and income in the economy as it increases the value-added of primary sector output. However, industrialization has also resulted in more population, urbanization, and pressure on social and environmental problems.
How did Industrial Revolution move people?
The Industrial Revolution moved people toward each other through urbanization and close-quartered urban life. The Industrial Revolution moved people away from their humanity as they dealt with unsanitary and/or unsafe living and working conditions.
How did industrialization influence migration?
Merchants and Industrialists could open up offices in far off lands and profit from the emerging markets there. This led to migration of some workers. These migrants needed new homes, roads, services. This led to additional migration.
How did the Industrial Revolution lead to Urbanisation?
“Cities grew because industrial factories required large workforces and workers and their families needed places to live near their jobs. Factories and cities attracted millions of immigrants looking for work and a better life in the United States.”
How did geography affect the Industrial Revolution?
As technologies like steam developed industrialization was able to make use of the geography of the country. There was plenty of cheap land for farming so "American skilled workers tended to be both scarce and expensive" (Cowan 90) and it was necessary for people to create more efficient ways to work.
What social changes were brought about by the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution brought with it an increase in population and urbanization, as well as new social classes.
When production was in demand, would workers work extremely hard for long hours?
When production was in demand, workers would work extremely hard for long hours. When the market was slow, they worked at a more leisurely pace. Employers imposed fines and penalties for lateness, interruptions in work, and absenteeism. READ:
Why did people flood into cities from the countryside?
People flooded into cities from the countryside in hopes of finding jobs. Exclusive neighborhoods were built for the wealthy bourgeoisie, while the working poor was forced to live in the ghettos. The poor were forced to tolerate intrusions even at the most intimate times.
What does factory owners tend to regard laborers as?
The factory owners’ tendency to regard laborers as commodities and not as a group of human beings.
When did women become separate from their husbands?
After 1850 the work of most wives made them increasingly distinct and separate from their husbands.
Why was marriage important in 1850?
Changing family. Romantic love was the most important reason for marriage by 1850. After 1850 the work of most wives made them increasingly distinct and separate from their husbands. Middle-class women began to organize and resist their second-class status to husbands. Child-rearing was more child-centered with the wife dominating the home domain. ...
How did the Industrial Revolution affect the Western world?
The Industrial Revolution increased the material wealth of the Western world. It also ended the dominance of agriculture and initiated significant social change. The everyday work environment also changed drastically, and the West became an urban civilization. Radical new schools of economic and philosophical thought began to replace ...
What was the Industrial Revolution?
It increased material wealth, extended life, and was a powerful force for social change. It undermined the centuries-old class structure in Europe and reorganized the economic and philosophical worldview of the West.
How did poor harvests affect the price of food?
Poor harvests would lower the supply of food, which would result in increased prices. The basic effect of supply and demand was at the center of most of the class conflict in this preindustrial world. Both bad harvests and increased population affected the price of food.
What was the family structure of preindustrial Europe?
The family structure of preindustrial Europe was nuclear. The common belief that there were large extended families is an inaccurate description of life at this time. The average family consisted of a husband, wife, and children. Everyone worked for the economic survival of the group. In an artisan household, the father practiced his trade and also trained the eldest boy to continue the business after he retired or died. His wife ran the shop that sold his products. The rest of the children had chores, usually determined by age and gender, all of which added to the economic success of the family. The husband and wife worked as a team, with the children supporting their efforts. Children usually left the household in their early teens. Boys of merchants and artisans usually went off for training or apprenticeship, while girls for the most part took positions as household servants. Since life was so precarious, couples usually did not enter into marriage before they had acquired the skills to insure an economically self-sufficient unit.
How did merchants make money?
This group made money by moving goods and services through the economic system of the preindustrial world. They were an urban class, acquiring charters from nobles that allowed them to incorporate towns.
Why did the peasants revolt?
High prices increased the wealth of the aristocratic class and led to death and starvation among the peasants; therefore, the primary reason behind most peasant uprisings was the high price of food. A multifaceted revolution in every aspect of agricultural production would eventually eliminate this ancient curse.
Why was economic thought so pessimistic?
By the beginning of the nineteenth century, economic thought became very pessimistic because of the inability of society to solve the conditions of the industrial working class. Over time it became widely accepted that the quality of life of the working class would remain forever wretched.
The demographic revolution: 1740-1870
Economic and social changes that were taking place throughout Europe during this period led to a general increase in population and a real “ demographic revolution ” lived for the following reasons:
Mutations and continuities in continental Europe: the industrial centre and rural periphery
Around 1860, in Europe, there was a clear division between a developed and industrialized “ centre ” and a “ periphery ” behind and far from industrialization. This is because not all European countries experienced the same political and economic processes.
What was the evolution of the living conditions of workers during the Industrial Revolution?
This question can be answered in an entirely opposite way according to two historiographical tendencies: liberal historiography tends to respond by affirming that workers improve their living conditions. Critics of capitalism affirm the opposite, assuring that workers’ conditions were not improved.
Emergence of a new class society: Labor movement and socialism
Between 1800 and 1850 European society ceased to be estamental (end of the old regime) to become a capitalist-type class society. During the first half of the 19th century in Europe:
What was the industrial advance of 1878?
By 1878 the United States had reentered a period of prosperity after the long depression of the mid-1870s. In the ensuing 20 years the volume of industrial production, the number of workers employed in industry, and the number of manufacturing plants all more than doubled. A more accurate index to the scope of this industrial advance may be found in the aggregate annual value of all manufactured goods, which increased from about $5,400,000,000 in 1879 to perhaps $13,000,000,000 in 1899. The expansion of the iron and steel industry, always a key factor in any industrial economy, was even more impressive: from 1880 to 1900 the annual production of steel in the United States went from about 1,400,000 to more than 11,000,000 tons. Before the end of the century, the United States surpassed Great Britain in the production of iron and steel and was providing more than one-quarter of the world’s supply of pig iron.
How much did the value of all manufactured goods increase in 1879?
A more accurate index to the scope of this industrial advance may be found in the aggregate annual value of all manufactured goods, which increased from about $5,400,000,000 in 1879 to perhaps $13,000,000,000 in 1899.
What was the geographic dispersal of industry?
The geographic dispersal of industry was part of a movement that was converting the United States into an industrial nation. It attracted less attention, however, than the trend toward the consolidation of competing firms into large units capable of dominating an entire industry. The movement toward consolidation received special attention in 1882 when Rockefeller and his associates organized the Standard Oil Trust under the laws of Ohio. A trust was a new type of industrial organization, in which the voting rights of a controlling number of shares of competing firms were entrusted to a small group of men, or trustees, who thus were able to prevent competition among the companies they controlled. The stockholders presumably benefited through the larger dividends they received. For a few years the trust was a popular vehicle for the creation of monopolies, and by 1890 there were trusts in whiskey, lead, cottonseed oil, and salt.
How many years did the United States have an unfavourable balance of trade?
When gold and silver are included, there was only one year in the entire period in which the United States had an unfavourable balance of trade; and, as the century drew to a close, the excess of exports over imports increased perceptibly. Agriculture continued to furnish the bulk of U.S. exports.
What was the major industry in the midwest?
Meat-packing, which in the years after 1875 became one of the major industries of the nation in terms of the value of its products, was almost a Midwestern monopoly, with a large part of the industry concentrated in Chicago. Flour milling, brewing, and the manufacture of farm machinery and lumber products were other important Midwestern industries.
Where was the iron and steel industry located?
Two-thirds of the iron and steel industry was concentrated in the area of western Pennsylvania and eastern Ohio. After 1880, however, the development of iron mines in northern Minnesota (the Vermilion Range in 1884 and the Mesabi Range in 1892) and in Tennessee and northern Alabama was followed by the expansion of the iron and steel industry in the Chicago area and by the establishment of steel mills in northern Alabama and in Tennessee.
Which region of the United States is the most industrialized?
The Eastern Seaboard from Massachusetts to Pennsylvania continued to be the most heavily industrialized section of the United States, but there was a substantial development of manufacturing in the states adjacent to the Great Lakes and in certain sections of the South. The experience of the steel industry reflected this new pattern of diffusion.
What were the two major changes that led to the growth of the American economy in the 20s?
The number of cars on the road almost tripled between 1920 and 1929, stimulating the production of steel, rubber, plate glass, and other materials that went into making an automobile. Henry Ford pioneered the two key developments that made this industry growth possible — standardization and mass production. Standardization meant making every car basically the same, which led to jokes that a customer could get a car in any color as long as it was black. Mass production used standardized parts and division of labor on an assembly line (introduced by Ford before the war) to produce cars more quickly and efficiently. Both innovations had a dramatic impact on price: the Model T that sold for $850 in 1908 sold for $290 in 1924. Ford also created new management techniques that became known as welfare capitalism. To build worker loyalty and blunt the development of unions, Ford paid the highest wages in the industry and established the 5‐day, 40‐hour workweek. Other companies followed suit, improving working conditions, setting up company unions, offering health insurance and profit‐sharing plans, and developing recreational programs. These tactics, along with yellow dog contracts, through which employees agreed not to join a union, worked; union membership dropped by almost two million between 1920 and 1929.
What was the new society in the 1920s?
A New Society: Economic & Social Change. A tide of economic and social change swept across the country in the 1920s. Nicknames for the decade, such as “the Jazz Age” or “the Roaring Twenties,” convey something of the excitement and the changes in social conventions that were taking place at the time. As the economy boomed, wages rose ...
What were the two key developments that made the automobile industry grow?
Henry Ford pioneered the two key developments that made this industry growth possible — standardization and mass production.
How many black people lived in Chicago in 1910?
The black population of Chicago grew from less than 50,000 in 1910 to almost a 250,000 by 1930. The 1920s were also the time for new political and cultural developments within the African‐American community.
What happened to savings rates in the 20s?
As a result, Americans' savings rate dropped sharply in the '20s, and their personal debt rose. The new woman and minorities.
How did advertising influence the American economy?
The power of advertising to shape public attitudes had been demonstrated through the Committee on Public Information's use of media to marshal public support during World War I. When peace came, ad agencies used newspapers, mass circulation magazines, and radio to effect consumption patterns. They were able to blur the distinction between “want” and “need” by creating a fantasy world in which love, youth, or elegance was available to anyone who bought a brand of toothpaste, a model car, or a new perfume. The power of advertising even influenced religion . Bruce Barton's 1925 bestseller, The Man Nobody Knows, portrayed Jesus Christ as a master salesman and the spread of Christianity as a successful advertising campaign. Providing the opportunity to buy on credit was also a powerful marketing tool. Businesses exhorted consumers to put a small amount down and pay off the balance in monthly installments, instead of saving money for an item and purchasing it with cash. As a result, Americans' savings rate dropped sharply in the '20s, and their personal debt rose.
When was the Equal Rights Amendment introduced?
Furthermore, although the Equal Rights Amendment was first introduced in Congress in 1923 , and Nellie Ross became the first woman elected the governor of a state (Wyoming) in the following year, there were still parts of the country were women could not hold public office.
When did the fourth peak of immigration occur?
The fourth peak period began in the 1970s and continues today.
How has immigration changed since 9/11?
immigration enforcement system have become dramatically more robust. The national security threat posed by international terrorism led to the largest reorganization of the federal government since World War II. The overhaul brought about the merger of 22 federal agencies to create the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) in 2003.
Why was immigration important to the United States?
Immigration also contributed to the economic transformation required for the United States to compete in a global economy.
When did the fourth peak period begin?
The fourth peak period began in the 1970s and continues today. These peak immigration periods have coincided with fundamental transformations of the American economy. The first saw the dawn of European settlement in the Americas.
What is family based immigration?
Family-based immigration rests on the principle of family unity. Immediate family members of U.S. citizens—defined as their spouses, minor children, and parents—can join their U.S. families without numerical limitations. U.S. citizens can also (re)unify with their adult married and unmarried children, as well as with their siblings, but the waiting times for such (re)unifications are lengthy, as is the case with family reunification for most LPRs. Family-based immigrants must be sponsored by a qualifying relative under any of six categories of relatives. Family-sponsored immigration has accounted for about two-thirds of all permanent immigration to the United States over the last decade.