What was the first permanent Spanish settlement in the New World?
While England slept, Spain became dominant in the New World and on the high seas. In 1493, during his second voyage, Columbus founded Isabela, the first permanent Spanish settlement in the New World, on Hispaniola.
How did Spain become dominant in the New World?
While England slept, Spain became dominant in the New World and on the high seas. The Caribbean and the Mainland. In 1493, during his second voyage, Columbus founded Isabela, the first permanent Spanish settlement in the New World, on Hispaniola.
How did the Spanish explore and settle in Spain?
Spanish Exploration and Settlement. Motivated by visions of huge profits, adventurers were willing to take risks in searching for trade routes to previously unknown lands. At that time, the only way for Europeans to reach the Far East was to sail south along the west coast of Africa and then east into the Indian Ocean.
What were the main Spanish settlements in the Andes?
There was three main Spanish settlements, the inland city of Mérida, where Spanish civil and religious officials had their headquarters and where the many Spaniards in the province lived. The villa of Campeche was the peninsula's port, the key gateway for the whole region.
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What were the three kinds of settlements in New Spain?
The laws provided for three kinds of settlements in New Spain: pueblos, presidios (prih SID ee ohz), and missions.
What settlement was part of New Spain?
Colima (1524), Antequera (1526, now Oaxaca City), and Guadalajara (1532) were all new Spanish settlements. North of Mexico City, the city of Querétaro was founded (ca.
What was the first settlement in New Spain?
In 1493, during his second voyage, Columbus founded Isabela, the first permanent Spanish settlement in the New World, on Hispaniola.
What were the 4 levels of society in New Spain?
The constituent elements of Spanish society fell into two logical categories:4 the vestiges of the medieval estates and functional corporations. The primary estates, noble, clerical, and common, had a functional derivation.
What settlements were part of New Spain before incorporation into the United States?
The territories that became part of the Spanish empire were called New Spain. At its height, New Spain included all of Mexico, Central America to the Isthmus of Panama, the lands that today are the southwestern United States and Florida , and much of the West Indies (islands in the Caribbean Sea).
What were the most important characteristics of New Spain?
These Bourbon Reforms included the curtailment of ecclesiastical power, reapportionment of colonial territory, restructuring of colonial military forces, and new efforts to increase royal revenues.
Which statement about Spanish settlements in the New World is false?
Unfinished NationQuestionAnswerWhich statement about Spanish settlements in the New World is FALSE?The first Spanish settlers were mostly interested in farming.In the aftermath of King George's WarRelations between the English, French, and Iroquois deteriorated.52 more rows
What states were originally settled by Spain?
CardsTerm searched for the Fountain of YouthDefinition Ponce de LeonTerm What industry did the Spanish establish in the American West?Definition live stockTerm Which states were originally settled by Spain?Definition New Mexico, San Diego, Southern California, Texas, Arizona, Florida43 more rows•Mar 7, 2013
What are the 4 viceroyalties?
The Spanish Americas had four viceroyalties:Viceroyalty of New Spain.Viceroyalty of Peru.Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata.Viceroyalty of New Granada.
What are the 5 social classes of New Spain?
New Spain first class is called Peninsulares, second is Creoles, Mestizos is the third and last on the list is the Indians. For Peru their social structure is based on three different social class. The first one is called the Upper class, second is the Middle class, and last is the lower class.
What are the three social classes during the Spanish period?
During Pre-Hispanic times Filipinos can be divided according to these classes: The noble class called the Maginoo; the freeman class called the Timawa; the warrior class called the Maharlika; and the indentured class called the Alipin.
What are the social classes in Spain?
Respondents answered the following question: To which social class would you say you belong?...Perception of socio-economic status by Spaniards, as of July 2022.CharacteristicPercent of respondentsMid middle-class48.2%Lower middle-class13.3%Working class/proletariat10.5%Lower class/poor12%3 more rows•Aug 19, 2022
What describes New Spain?
New Spain. noun. a Spanish viceroyalty of the 16th to 19th centuries, composed of Mexico, Central America north of Panama, the Spanish West Indies, the southwestern US, and the Philippines.
Where did the French settle in the New World?
New France, French Nouvelle-France, (1534–1763), the French colonies of continental North America, initially embracing the shores of the St. Lawrence River, Newfoundland, and Acadia (Nova Scotia) but gradually expanding to include much of the Great Lakes region and parts of the trans-Appalachian West.
Why was New Spain established?
The Viceroyalty of New Spain was a royal territory in the Spanish Empire formed soon after the invasion and conquest of the Aztec Empire in 1521. Even though it was not formally founded until 1535, the Spanish Crown set its administrative bedrock the year after the fall of Mexico-Tenochtitlán.
Who were the Spanish explorers and what did they explore?
Hernan Cortes, Mexico. Juan Ponce de Leon, Puerto Rico and Florida Fernando Pizarro, Peru Hernando de Soto, Peru and the Mississippi River
Where is New Spain located?
The section of the Spanish colonies that includes Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and much of the Southwestern United States.
What does the name New Spain mean?
The area of the Spanish-ruled colonies of the Western Hemisphere known at the time to Europeans as the New World.
What did the Spanish do after Columbus found the New World?
After Columbus found the New World, even if it was by accident, a wave of explorers went out under the Spanish flag. Off to find riches and glory, these explorers and conquistadors found and conquered much of the new world. After conquering the native people, a system had to be set up for how the land and the people would be ruled and profited off of. In this lesson, we will learn about several explorers and conquistadors, and the encomienda and hacienda system, which was employed by the Spanish in their colonies.
What were the second class of Spanish people?
They were the Spanish in control. Second class below the peninsulares were the creoles. They were of pure Spanish blood, but were born in the colonies rather than in Spain. They couldn't hold the same status as peninsulares, but they could inherit the land of their parents if they were peninsulares.
What is an encomienda system?
Okay, so what is an encomienda? The encomienda system is what provides the labor for the hacienda. You see, Cortes was also granted an encomienda; the encomienda was made up of the people who lived on his granted hacienda. These people would now work for Cortes. Ferdinand and Isabella mandated that it was the responsibility of the person granted the encomienda to compensate their subjects, protect them, educate them in the Christian faith and make sure the people could live off the land. This, of course, often did not happen.
What is a hacienda?
What is a hacienda? The hacienda was the Spanish equivalent of a plantation. A hacienda was a large land grant to a conquistador. In 1529, Hernando Cortes was granted the first hacienda in the New World. The head of a hacienda was called the patrón. Peasants, or peones, worked land that belonged to the patrón. The campesinos worked small holdings, and owed a portion to the patrón.
How was the Encomienda system designed?
How was the encomienda system designed? It was much like a caste system, designed to subjugate the lower class.
Who conquered the Aztecs?
Either way, this quest for gold led Coronado to be the first European to explore the American Southwest in what is today Arizona and New Mexico. Hernando Cortes conquered the Aztecs in 1521. In 1521, Hernando Cortes defeated the Aztecs. This is what he is most known for.
When was the first European to step foot in Florida?
What we know as more dependable information is that he was the first European to step foot in Florida. So, he is the first of the age of discovery in 1513 to step on what is today U.S. soil.
How did the Spanish get rich?
The Spaniards soon found that land in the Southwest offered few mineral resources, and the only way to get rich was to use the Pueblo as forced labor for tasks that included herding, farmwork, blacksmithing (shaping iron), silver crafting, and domestic chores. Spanish-Native American relations were thus based on exploitation (using another person for selfish purposes). Over time, the Pueblo came to resent the Spaniards, who profoundly disturbed the ecology (pattern of relations between living things and their environment) in New Mexico. For instance, they brought cattle and sheep that consumed large amounts of prairie grasses. Spanish baking ovens greatly increased the need for firewood, depleting local supplies. To expand the existing network of irrigation (watering system) canals, the Spanish had to rely even more heavily on forced labor. When the Acoma Pueblo finally refused to submit to the intruders, the Spanish killed or enslaved hundreds of Native Americans.
Who was the king of Spain when Columbus set sail?
On August 3, 1492, Columbus set sail from Cádiz, Spain, with three ships—the Santa Maria (with Columbus as captain), the Niña, and the Pinta. At first the expedition made rapid progress.
Why did Columbus not sell his idea to the king of Portugal?
For several years Columbus failed to sell his idea to the king of Portugal, primarily because Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias (c. 1450–1500) had found a sea passage from Europe to India, which was considered the best route at the time. Undaunted, Columbus decided to try his luck in Spain.
What did Columbus do to help Ferdinand and Isabella?
Columbus had no difficulty persuading Ferdinand and Isabella to sponsor a second voyage. When the expedition reached La Navidad in November 1493, however, they found the settlement in ruins. Either the Native Americans had turned against the Europeans or the Spaniards had fought among themselves—no one had survived to tell what had happened. Columbus decided to move 75 miles east, where he started building a settlement called Isabela. He immediately sent a party of men in search of gold while he explored the nearby islands.
How did Europeans get to the Far East?
At that time, the only way for Europeans to reach the Far East was to sail south along the west coast of Africa and then east into the Indian Ocean. The most direct route was through the Mediterranean Sea, but the eastern end of that waterway was controlled by Turkey, a Muslim foe of the Europeans.
Which country was granted Florida?
As part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the French and Indian War, Florida was finally granted to Britain. A year earlier, however, France had secretly given "the Isle of Orleans" and the area west of the Mississippi River to Spain in the Treaty of Fontainebleau (see Chapter 3).
Who discovered the New World?
Thus the stage was set for the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus (1451–1506), an Italian navigator who sailed for Spain. After Columbus opened the way into the New World, the Spanish moved into Peru and Mexico, where they conquered wealthy native civilizations.
How did the Spanish become the backbone of Spanish settlement?
In other words, the paisanos became the “backbone of Spanish settlement” through design, not through accident or special virtue. Kings, colonial administrators, the Church, explorers, missionaries, and presidial soldiers all made their contributions.
Who were the settlers of northern New Spain?
The use of the word paisanos reflects the author’s view that these “countrymen” were “the real settlers of northern New Spain, not aristocrats, government officials, missionaries, and presidial soldiers except when they also became permanent residents of frontier communities.” The word paisano “accurately describes the settler as one who was attached to the land and the environment, who worked the land, and who raised livestock.”
What was the first Spanish settlement in the New World?
In 1493, during his second voyage, Columbus founded Isabela, the first permanent Spanish settlement in the New World, on Hispaniola. After finding gold in recoverable quantities nearby, the Spanish quickly overran the island and spread to Puerto Rico in 1508, to Jamaica in 1509, and to Cuba in 1511. The natives fared badly. Many died in one-sided armed conflict with soldiers and settlers, or in forced servitude in mines and on plantations. Others died of diseases to which they had no immunity. By mid-century, the native Ciboney of Hispaniola and western Cuba were extinct, and other tribes, including the Arawak of Puerto Rico, were nearly so.
Why did Spain annexe Portugal?
In 1580, to eliminate the threat of Portuguese expansion, Spa in annexed Portugal. Although Spain mortgaged Venezuela to a German banking house for a brief period (1528-1547), she was successful in keeping most interlopers out of her holdings from Mexico to Chile for the remainder of the sixteenth century.
How many outposts did Menendez establish?
In due course he founded ten outposts in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina (1565-1567); ordered exploration of the North Carolina and Virginia coasts (1570); and personally avenged (1572) the Jesuits' murder by Indians. Menendez, a strong supporter of colonization, was nearly alone in his enthusiasm for the region.
What did Spain do in 1550?
By 1550 Spain had dominion over the West Indies and Central America and its large surviving native population. New World mines yielded gold and silver for Spain in far greater amounts than France and Portugal had ever been able to extract from West Africa. One-fifth of the total production, the quinto real, went to the Spanish Crown.
How did the Spanish colonial expansion affect the English colonial policies?
However, Spanish colonial expansion and seemingly unending sources of wealth in the New World profoundly affected English colonial policies. Drake pillaged the Caribbean in 1585-1586, broke the Bank of Spain; nearly broke the Bank of Venice, to which Spain was heavily indebted; and ruined Spanish credit.
What was Spain's goal in 1559?
Expecting a French challenge in North America, Spain sent a large contingent (1559-1561) to secure a settlement site on the Gulf and an overland route thence to the coast of Georgia or South Carolina.
Which treaty gave France no share of the New World?
Although the Treaty of Tordesillas had given France no share of the New World, the French crown ignored the arrangement. Francis I underwrote Verrazzano's exploratory voyage (1524) and the more ambitious enterprises of Cartier and Roberval on the St. Lawrence (1534-1543).
Which two countries were the main hubs of Spanish settlers?
The capitals of Mexico and Peru, Mexico City and Lima came to have large concentrations of Spanish settlers and became the hubs of royal and ecclesiastical administration, large commercial enterprises and skilled artisans, and centers of culture.
What was the Spanish expansion?
The Spanish expansion has sometimes been succinctly summed up as "gold, glory, God." The search for material wealth, the enhancement of the conquerors' and the crown's position, and the expansion of Christianity. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions ( entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. Virtually all expeditions after the Columbus voyages, which were funded by the crown of Castile, were done at the expense of the leader of the expedition and its participants. Although often the participants, conquistadors, are now termed “soldiers”, they were not paid soldiers in ranks of an army, but rather soldiers of fortune, who joined an expedition with the expectation of profiting from it. The leader of an expedition, the adelantado was a senior with material wealth and standing who could persuade the crown to issue him a license for an expedition. He also had to attract participants to the expedition who staked their own lives and meager fortunes on the expectation of the expedition’s success. The leader of the expedition pledged the larger share of capital to the enterprise, which in many ways functioned as a commercial firm. Upon the success of the expedition, the spoils of war were divvied up in proportion to the amount a participant initially staked, with the leader receiving the largest share. Participants supplied their own armor and weapons, and those who had a horse received two shares, one for himself, the second recognizing the value of the horse as a machine of war. For the conquest era, two names of Spaniards are generally known because they led the conquests of high indigenous civilizations, Hernán Cortés, leader of the expedition that conquered the Aztecs of Central Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro, leader of the conquest of the Inca in Peru.
What was the result of the Spanish American wars of independence?
In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the secession and subsequent division of most Spanish territories in the Americas, except for Cuba and Puerto Rico, which were lost to the United States in 1898, following the Spanish–American War.
What was the Spanish empire's territory?
Beginning with the 1492 arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Caribbean and gaining control over more territory for over three centuries, the Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, most of Central America and much of North America.
What was the Spanish colony of the Americas?
e. The Spanish colonization of the Americas began under the Crown of Castile, and was spearheaded by the Spanish conquistadors. The Americas were invaded and incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil, British America, and some small regions in South America and the Caribbean. The crown created civil and religious structures ...
Why did the Jesuits resist the Crown?
The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. The bishop challenged the Jesuits' continuing to hold Indian parishes and function as priests without the required royal licenses. His fall from power is viewed as an example of the weakening of the crown in the mid-seventeenth century since it failed to protect their duly appointed bishop. The crown expelled the Jesuits from Spain and The Indies in 1767 during the Bourbon Reforms .
Where was the debate held in the Spanish colony of Valladolid?
Held in the Colegio de San Gregorio, in the Spanish city of Valladolid, it was a moral and theological debate about the colonization of the Americas, its justification for the conversion to Catholicism and more specifically about the relations between the European settlers and the natives of the New World.
How did the Spanish colonial era affect the Spanish?
Throughout most of Spanish America, the close of the colonial era removed the rigid racial hierarchy that had lasted for three centuries. The legal distinctions of tribute payers and slaves disappeared, and in many regions, the superiority automatically conferred upon Spaniards gradually disappeared. In its place emerged a society also stratified by wealth and power, but one where those distinctions were no longer automatically registered by differences of race.
What were the characteristics of Spanish society in the New World?
This lack of titles created one of the distinctive characteristics of Spanish society in the New World: In Spain a title of nobility clearly indicated an elevated social rank , but in the Americas there were too few titles to identify all the individuals with wealth and power.
What were the upper echelons of colonial society?
The upper echelons of colonial society were dominated by Spaniards, who held all of the positions of economic privilege and political power. However, a sharp split existed between those born in Europe, "peninsulars," and those born in the Americas, creoles . Although the relationship between these two groups was sometimes friendly, as when peninsular men married into creole families, it could also be antagonistic. Peninsulars sometimes perceived creoles as lazy, mentally deficient, and physically degenerate, whereas creoles often saw peninsulars as avaricious. In the sixteenth century rivalries between European-born and American-born friars for control of the religious orders led to violence that resulted in a formal policy of alternating terms of leadership between creoles and peninsulars. The Spanish crown's preference for European-born Spaniards in government and church posts in the eighteenth century provoked deep resentment among elite creole men, who had come to expect positions of influence. Their resentment helped fuel anti-Iberian sentiment in the colonies before the wars for independence.
What were the advantages of horses in the Spanish Conquest?
Introduced to the Americas by the Spaniards, horses became symbols of European superiority; they represented wealth (for horses were not cheap), a superior physical vantage point , greater mobility and speed , and the superiority of European society. The horse and iron-based arms were the keys to many military successes during the Spanish Conquest, and were broadly considered to be indicators of the superior social status shared by Spaniards, from which all conquered native peoples and slaves were excluded. By Spanish statute, Indians and slaves were forbidden to bear arms, for military reasons. The enforcement of this prohibition was greatly assisted by the popularity of the belief that bearing arms, like riding a horse, was a prerogative of social rank and being Spanish.
Why were the Spanish exempt from paying tribute to the Indians?
But whereas such titles and exemptions from tribute were hereditary among Spaniards, these titles were held only by Indians who were incumbents. Because the offices they held were rarely hereditary —instead they were passed among members of the community, often by elections—the exemptions from tribute were rarely permanent.
Did Spanish people work with Indians?
Despite the common prejudice against laboring with one's hands, many Spaniards did so, though unskilled labor was performed by Indians. Spanish craftsmen were employed for their skills, even when they were hired out on a daily basis. In rural settings Spaniards were likely to be the managers and foremen over Indians, who did the hard physical labor of planting, weeding, and harvesting crops.
