Industrial Revolution and Soviet Union- Change of Settlement Pattern - Industrial Revolution in 19th century changed the pattern of settlement of population tremendously. Because of urbanization, (which is led by Industrial Revolution) rural population (migrated to western part of Russia.
Full Answer
What is the history of settlement in Russia?
Settlement History. Pre- Slavic Settlements. During prehistoric times, Most of Russian regions were covered by ice caps until the end of Ice Ages. After the end of Ice Ages, Russia became suitable for living and many nomadic tribes migrated to steppes (Huge grassland) in southern Russia.
How did the Industrial Revolution change the pattern of settlement in Russia?
- Industrial Revolution in 19th century changed the pattern of settlement of population tremendously. Because of urbanization, (which is led by Industrial Revolution) rural population ( migrated to western part of Russia. This caused very uneven population density in Russia.
What is the Pale of settlement of Russia?
Pale of Settlement. It extended from the eastern pale, or demarcation line, to the Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire) and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Furthermore, it comprised about 20% of the territory of European Russia and largely corresponded to historical lands of the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,...
Where did the Tatar people settle in Russia?
Thus, when, Mongolians dominated Russia, a number of Tatar populations moved to Russia and settled in southern Russia, especially near Volga river area. Tatar is still second largest ethnic group in Russia.
What is the Pale of Settlement?
The Pale of Settlement ( Russian: Черта́ осе́длости, chertá osédlosti; Yiddish: דער תּחום-המושבֿ , der tkhum-ha-moyshəv; Hebrew: תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב , t'ẖum hammosháv) was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, ...
What was life like in the pale?
Life in the Pale for many was economically bleak. Most people relied on small service or artisan work that could not support the number of inhabitants, which resulted in emigration, especially in the late 19th century. Even so, Jewish culture, especially in Yiddish, developed in the shtetls (small villages), and intellectual culture developed in the yeshiva (religious schools) and were also carried abroad.
Why did the Pale rule?
The Pale came into being under the rule of Catherine the Great in 1791, initially as a measure to speed colonization of newly acquired territory on the Black Sea.
What was the significance of the Pale?
The institution of the Pale became more significant following the Second Partition of Poland in 1793, since, until then, Russia's Jewish population had been rather limited. The dramatic westward expansion of the Russian Empire through the annexation of Polish-Lithuanian territory substantially increased the Jewish population. At its height, the Pale had a Jewish population of over five million, and represented the largest component (40 percent) of the world Jewish population at that time . The freedom of movement of non-Jewish Russians was greatly increased, but the freedom of movement of Jews was greatly restricted and officially kept within the boundaries of the pale.
What religion was the Pale?
The Russian Empire during the existence of the Pale was predominantly Orthodox Christian, in contrast to the area included in the Pale with its large minorities of Jewish, Roman Catholic and until mid-19th century Eastern Catholic population (although much of modern Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova are predominantly Eastern Orthodox). While the religious nature of the edicts creating the Pale is clear (conversion to Russian Orthodoxy, the state religion, released individuals from the strictures), historians argue that the motivations for its creation and maintenance were primarily economic and nationalist in nature.
Why did Jews not engage in agriculture?
Most Jews could not engage in agriculture due to the nature of the Pale, and were thus predominantly merchants, artisans, and shopkeepers. This made poverty a serious issue among the Jews. However, a robust Jewish community welfare system arose; by the end of the 19th century nearly 1 in 3 Jews in the Pale were being supported by Jewish welfare organizations. This Jewish support system included, but was not limited to, providing free medicine to the poor, giving dowries to poor brides, Kosher food to Jewish soldiers, and education to orphans.
What were the laws of 1881?
The reactionary Temporary Laws, also called the May Laws, of 1881 prohibited any new Jewish settlement outside of the Pale. The laws also granted peasants the right to demand the expulsion of Jews in their towns.
Overview
The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта́ осе́длости, chertá osédlosti; Yiddish: דער תּחום-המושבֿ, der tchum-ha-moyshev; Hebrew: תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב, t'ẖum hammosháv) was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mo…
History
The territory that would become the Pale first began to enter Russian hands in 1772, with the First Partition of Poland. At the time, most Jews (and in fact most Russians) were restricted in their movements. The Pale came into being under the rule of Catherine the Great in 1791, initially as a measure to speed colonization of newly acquired territory on the Black Sea. Jews were allowed to expand the territory available to them, but in exchange Jewish merchants could no longer do bu…
Jewish life in the Pale
Jewish life in the shtetls (Yiddish: שטעטלעך shtetlekh "little towns") of the Pale of Settlement was hard and poverty-stricken. Following the Jewish religious tradition of tzedakah (charity), a sophisticated system of volunteer Jewish social welfare organizations developed to meet the needs of the population. Various organizations supplied clothes to poor students, provided kosher food to Jewis…
Territories of the Pale
The Pale of Settlement included the following areas.
The ukase of Catherine the Great of December 23, 1791 limited the Pale to:
• Western Krai:
• Little Russia (Ukraine):
• Novorossiya Governorate
In popular culture
• Fiddler on the Roof musical, later adapted into a film, located in the Pale of 1905 in the fictional town of Anatevka, Ukraine
• Yentl musical, later adapted into a film located in the Pale of 1873 Poland
• The novels of Isaac Bashevis Singer
See also
• The Pale (English Pale) around Dublin, Ireland
• Pale of Calais, English territory in France from 1360 to 1558
• Antisemitism in the Russian Empire
• Antisemitism in Ukraine
Further reading
• Abramson, Henry, "Jewish Representation in the Independent Ukrainian Governments of 1917–1920", Slavic Review, 50#3 (1991), pp. 542–550.
• Geraci, Robert. "Pragmatism and Prejudice: Revisiting the Origin of the Pale of Jewish Settlement and Its Historiography." Journal of Modern History 91.4 (2019): 776–814.
External links
• The Pale of Settlement (with a map) at Jewish Virtual Library
• The Pale of Settlement (with map and additional documents) at The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
• Jewish Communities in the Pale of Settlement (with a map)